Effects of Punica granatum L. peel extract supplementation on body weight, cardiac function, and haematological and biochemical parameters in an animal model of metabolic syndrome

1. Abid M., Yaich H., Cheikhrouhou S., Khemakhem I., Bouaziz M. Attia H., Ayadi M.A.: Antioxidant properties and phenolic profile characterization by LC–MS/MS of selected Tunisian pomegranate peels. J Food Sci Technol 2017, 54, 2890–2901, doi: 10.1007/s13197-017-2727-0. Abid M. Yaich H. Cheikhrouhou S. Khemakhem I. Bouaziz M. Attia H. Ayadi M.A. : Antioxidant properties and phenolic profile characterization by LC–MS/MS of selected Tunisian pomegranate peels . J Food Sci Technol 2017 , 54 , 2890 – 2901 , doi: 10.1007/s13197-017-2727-0 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2. Aloqbi A., Omar U., Yousr M., Grace M., Lila M.A., Howell N.: Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate Juice and Punicalagin. Nat Sci 2016, 08, 235, doi: 10.4236/ns.2016.86028. Aloqbi A. Omar U. Yousr M. Grace M. Lila M.A. Howell N. : Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate Juice and Punicalagin . Nat Sci 2016 , 08 , 235 , doi: 10.4236/ns.2016.86028 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3. Alpert M.A., Karthikeyan K., Abdullah O., Ghadban R.: Obesity and Cardiac Remodeling in Adults: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018, 61, 114–123, doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.012. Alpert M.A. Karthikeyan K. Abdullah O. Ghadban R. : Obesity and Cardiac Remodeling in Adults: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications . Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018 , 61 , 114 – 123 , doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.012 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4. Arun K.B., Jayamurthy P., Anusha C.V., Mahesh S.K., Nisha P.: Studies on Activity Guided Fractionation of Pomegranate Peel Extracts and Its Effect on Antidiabetic and Cardiovascular Protection Properties. J Food Process Preserv 2017, 41, e13108, doi: 10.1111/jfpp.13108. Arun K.B. Jayamurthy P. Anusha C.V. Mahesh S.K. Nisha P. : Studies on Activity Guided Fractionation of Pomegranate Peel Extracts and Its Effect on Antidiabetic and Cardiovascular Protection Properties . J Food Process Preserv 2017 , 41 , e13108 , doi: 10.1111/jfpp.13108 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5. Bovolini A., Garcia J., Andrade M.A., Duarte J.A.: Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology and predisposing factors. Int J Sports Med 2021, 42, 199–214, doi: 10.1055/a-1263-0898. Bovolini A. Garcia J. Andrade M.A. Duarte J.A. : Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology and predisposing factors . Int J Sports Med 2021 , 42 , 199 – 214 , doi: 10.1055/a-1263-0898 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6. Cao K., Xu J., Pu W., Dong Z., Sun L., Zang W., Gao F., Zhang Y., Feng Z., Liu J.: Punicalagin, an active component in pomegranate, ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial impairment in obese rats via AMPK activation. Sci Rep 2015, 5, 14014, doi: 10.1038/srep14014. Cao K. Xu J. Pu W. Dong Z. Sun L. Zang W. Gao F. Zhang Y. Feng Z. Liu J. : Punicalagin, an active component in pomegranate, ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial impairment in obese rats via AMPK activation . Sci Rep 2015 , 5 , 14014 , doi: 10.1038/srep14014 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7. Chen J., Liao C., Ouyang X., Kahramanoğlu I., Gan Y., Li M.: Antimicrobial Activity of Pomegranate Peel and Its Applications on Food Preservation. J Food Qual 2020, e8850339, doi: 10.1155/2020/8850339. Chen J. Liao C. Ouyang X. Kahramanoğlu I. Gan Y. Li M. : Antimicrobial Activity of Pomegranate Peel and Its Applications on Food Preservation . J Food Qual 2020 , e8850339 , doi: 10.1155/2020/8850339 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Crascì L., Lauro M.R., Puglisi G., Panico A.: Natural antioxidant polyphenols on inflammation management: Anti-glycation activity vs metalloproteinases inhibition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018, 58, 893–904, doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1229657. Crascì L. Lauro M.R. Puglisi G. Panico A. : Natural antioxidant polyphenols on inflammation management: Anti-glycation activity vs metalloproteinases inhibition . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018 , 58 , 893 – 904 , doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1229657 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9. Derakhshan Z., Ferrante M., Tadi M., Ansari F., Heydari A., Hosseini M.S., Conti G.O.: Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels, juice and seeds. Food Chem Toxicol 2018, 114, 108–111, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.023. Derakhshan Z. Ferrante M. Tadi M. Ansari F. Heydari A. Hosseini M.S. Conti G.O. : Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels, juice and seeds . Food Chem Toxicol 2018 , 114 , 108 – 111 , doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.023 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Di Sotto A., Locatelli M., Macone A., Toniolo C., Cesa S., Carradori S., Eufemi M., Mazzanti G., Di Giacomo S.: Hypoglycemic, Antiglycation, and Cytoprotective Properties of a Phenol-Rich Extract From Waste Peel of Punica granatum L. var. Dente di Cavallo DC2. Molecules 2019, 24, 3103, doi: 10.3390/molecules24173103. Di Sotto A. Locatelli M. Macone A. Toniolo C. Cesa S. Carradori S. Eufemi M. Mazzanti G. Di Giacomo S. : Hypoglycemic, Antiglycation, and Cytoprotective Properties of a Phenol-Rich Extract From Waste Peel of Punica granatum L. var. Dente di Cavallo DC2 . Molecules 2019 , 24 , 3103 , doi: 10.3390/molecules24173103 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11. dos Santos R.L., Dellacqua L.O., Delgado N.T.B., Rouver W.N., Podratz P.L., Lima L.C.F., Piccin M.P.C., Meyrelles S.S., Mauad H., Graceli J.B., Moyses M.R.: Pomegranate peel extract attenuates oxidative stress by decreasing coronary angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in hypertensive female rats. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 2016, 79, 998–1007, doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1213690. dos Santos R.L. Dellacqua L.O. Delgado N.T.B. Rouver W.N. Podratz P.L. Lima L.C.F. Piccin M.P.C. Meyrelles S.S. Mauad H. Graceli J.B. Moyses M.R. : Pomegranate peel extract attenuates oxidative stress by decreasing coronary angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in hypertensive female rats . J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 2016 , 79 , 998 – 1007 , doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1213690 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

12. Fahed G., Aoun L., Bou Zerdan M., Allam S., Bou Zerdan M., Bouferraa Y., Assi H.I.: Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2022, 23, 786, doi: 10.3390/ijms23020786. Fahed G. Aoun L. Bou Zerdan M. Allam S. Bou Zerdan M. Bouferraa Y. Assi H.I. : Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021 . Int J Mol Sci 2022 , 23 , 786 , doi: 10.3390/ijms23020786 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13. Gasmi A., Mujawdiya P.K., Noor S., Lysiuk R., Darmohray R., Piscopo S., Lenchyk L., Antonyak H., Dehtiarova K., Shanaida M., Polishchuk A., Shanaida V., Peana M., Bjørklund G.: Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases. Molecules 2022, 27, 6280, doi: 10.3390/molecules27196280. Gasmi A. Mujawdiya P.K. Noor S. Lysiuk R. Darmohray R. Piscopo S. Lenchyk L. Antonyak H. Dehtiarova K. Shanaida M. Polishchuk A. Shanaida V. Peana M. Bjørklund G. : Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases . Molecules 2022 , 27 , 6280 , doi: 10.3390/molecules27196280 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14. Guo C., Yang J., Wei J., Li Y., Xu J., Jiang Y.: Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determined by FRAP assay. Nutr Res 2003, 23, 1719–1726, doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2003.08.005. Guo C. Yang J. Wei J. Li Y. Xu J. Jiang Y. : Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determined by FRAP assay . Nutr Res 2003 , 23 , 1719 – 1726 , doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2003.08.005 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Gupta M., Sharma P., Mazumder A.G., Patial V., Singh D.: Dwindling of cardio damaging effect of isoproterenol by Punica granatum L. peel extract involve activation of nitric oxide-mediated Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and apoptosis inhibition. Nitric Oxide 2015, 50, 105–113, doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.09.002. Gupta M. Sharma P. Mazumder A.G. Patial V. Singh D. : Dwindling of cardio damaging effect of isoproterenol by Punica granatum L. peel extract involve activation of nitric oxide-mediated Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and apoptosis inhibition . Nitric Oxide 2015 , 50 , 105 – 113 , doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.09.002 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Harzallah A., Hammami M., Kępczyńska M.A., Hislop D.C., Arch J.R.S., Cawthorne M.A., Zaibi M.S.: Comparison of potential preventive effects of pomegranate flower, peel and seed oil on insulin resistance and inflammation in high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced obesity mice model. Arch Physiol Biochem 2016, 122, 75–87, doi: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1148053. Harzallah A. Hammami M. Kępczyńska M.A. Hislop D.C. Arch J.R.S. Cawthorne M.A. Zaibi M.S. : Comparison of potential preventive effects of pomegranate flower, peel and seed oil on insulin resistance and inflammation in high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced obesity mice model . Arch Physiol Biochem 2016 , 122 , 75 – 87 , doi: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1148053 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17. Hossen Md.S, Tanvir E.M., Prince M.B., Paul S., Saha M., Ali Md.Y., Gan S.H., Khalli Md. I., Karim N.: Protective mechanism of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on carbofuran-induced hematological and hepatic toxicities in a rat model. Pharm Biol 2017, 55, 1937–1945, doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1345951. Hossen S Md. Tanvir E.M. Prince M.B. Paul S. Saha M. Ali Y. Md. Gan S.H. Khalli I. Md. Karim N. : Protective mechanism of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on carbofuran-induced hematological and hepatic toxicities in a rat model . Pharm Biol 2017 , 55 , 1937 – 1945 , doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1345951 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18. Hou C., Zhang W., Li J., Du L., Lv O., Zhao S., Li J.: Beneficial Effects of Pomegranate on Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019, 63, 1800773, doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800773. Hou C. Zhang W. Li J. Du L. Lv O. Zhao S. Li J. : Beneficial Effects of Pomegranate on Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Disorders . Mol Nutr Food Res 2019 , 63 , 1800773 , doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800773 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19. Kaderides K., Kyriakoudi A., Mourtzinos I., Goula A.M.: Potential of pomegranate peel extract as a natural additive in foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021, 115, 380–90, doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.050. Kaderides K. Kyriakoudi A. Mourtzinos I. Goula A.M. : Potential of pomegranate peel extract as a natural additive in foods . Trends Food Sci Technol 2021 , 115 , 380 – 90 , doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.050 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Kam A., Li K.M., Razmovski-Naumovski V., Nammi S., Shi J., Chan K., Li GQ: A Comparative Study on the Inhibitory Effects of Different Parts and Chemical Constituents of Pomegranate on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase. Phytother Res 2013, 27, 1614–1620, doi: 10.1002/ptr.4913. Kam A. Li K.M. Razmovski-Naumovski V. Nammi S. Shi J. Chan K. Li GQ : A Comparative Study on the Inhibitory Effects of Different Parts and Chemical Constituents of Pomegranate on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase . Phytother Res 2013 , 27 , 1614 – 1620 , doi: 10.1002/ptr.4913 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21. Kandylis P., Kokkinomagoulos E.: Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Pomegranate and its Derivatives. Foods 2020, 9, 122, doi: 10.3390/foods9020122. Kandylis P. Kokkinomagoulos E. : Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Pomegranate and its Derivatives . Foods 2020 , 9 , 122 , doi: 10.3390/foods9020122 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22. Konstantinidi M., Koutelidakis A.E.: Functional Foods and Bioactive Compounds: A Review of Its Possible Role on Weight Management and Obesity’s Metabolic Consequences. Medicines 2019, 6, 94, doi: 10.3390/medicines6030094. Konstantinidi M. Koutelidakis A.E. : Functional Foods and Bioactive Compounds: A Review of Its Possible Role on Weight Management and Obesity’s Metabolic Consequences . Medicines 2019 , 6 , 94 , doi: 10.3390/medicines6030094 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

23. Les F., Arbonés-Mainar J.M., Valero M.S., López V.: Pomegranate polyphenols and urolithin A inhibit α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, lipase, triglyceride accumulation and adipogenesis related genes in 3T3-L1 adipocyte-like cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2018, 220, 67–74, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.029. Les F. Arbonés-Mainar J.M. Valero M.S. López V. : Pomegranate polyphenols and urolithin A inhibit α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, lipase, triglyceride accumulation and adipogenesis related genes in 3T3-L1 adipocyte-like cells . J Ethnopharmacol 2018 , 220 , 67 – 74 , doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.029 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Li Y., Guo C., Yang J., Wei J., Xu J., Cheng S.: Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract. Food Chem 2006, 96, 254–260, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.033. Li Y. Guo C. Yang J. Wei J. Xu J. Cheng S. : Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract . Food Chem 2006 , 96 , 254 – 260 , doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.033 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Liu R., Li J., Cheng Y., Huo T., Xue J., Liu Y., Liu J., Chen X.: Effects of ellagic acid-rich extract of pomegranates peel on regulation of cholesterol metabolism and its molecular mechanism in hamsters. Food Funct 2015, 6, 780–87, doi: 10.1039/C4FO00759J. Liu R. Li J. Cheng Y. Huo T. Xue J. Liu Y. Liu J. Chen X. : Effects of ellagic acid-rich extract of pomegranates peel on regulation of cholesterol metabolism and its molecular mechanism in hamsters . Food Funct 2015 , 6 , 780 – 87 , doi: 10.1039/C4FO00759J . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

26. Lv O., Wang L., Li J., Ma Q., Zhao W.: Effects of pomegranate peel polyphenols on lipid accumulation and cholesterol metabolic transformation in L-02 human hepatic cells via the PPARγ-ABCA1/CYP7A1 pathway. Food Funct 2016, 7, 4976–4983, doi: 10.1039/C6FO01261B. Lv O. Wang L. Li J. Ma Q. Zhao W. : Effects of pomegranate peel polyphenols on lipid accumulation and cholesterol metabolic transformation in L-02 human hepatic cells via the PPARγ-ABCA1/CYP7A1 pathway . Food Funct 2016 , 7 , 4976 – 4983 , doi: 10.1039/C6FO01261B . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

27. Martins F., Campos D.H.S., Pagan L.U., Martinez P.F., Okoshi K., Okoshi M.P., Padovani C.R, de Souza A.S., Cicogna A.C. de Oliveira S.A.: High-fat Diet Promotes Cardiac Remodeling in an Experimental Model of Obesity. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015, 105, 479–86, doi: 10.5935/abc.20150095. Martins F. Campos D.H.S. Pagan L.U. Martinez P.F. Okoshi K. Okoshi M.P. Padovani C.R de Souza A.S. Cicogna A.C. de Oliveira S.A. : High-fat Diet Promotes Cardiac Remodeling in an Experimental Model of Obesity . Arq Bras Cardiol 2015 , 105 , 479 – 86 , doi: 10.5935/abc.20150095 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

28. Mo F.-F., Lv B.-H., An T., Miao J.-N., Liu J.-X., Zhang J., Zhang Z.-Y., Ma M.-H., Yang X.-Y., Zhao D.-D., Zhang D.-W., Gao S.-H., Jiang G.-J.: Protective mechanism of punicalagin against endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Funct Foods 2019, 56, 57–64, doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.006. Mo F.-F. Lv B.-H. An T. Miao J.-N. Liu J.-X. Zhang J. Zhang Z.-Y. Ma M.-H. Yang X.-Y. Zhao D.-D. Zhang D.-W. Gao S.-H. Jiang G.-J. : Protective mechanism of punicalagin against endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus . J Funct Foods 2019 , 56 , 57 – 64 , doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.006 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

29. Nankar R.P., Doble M.: Ellagic acid potentiates insulin sensitising activity of pioglitazone in L6 myotubes. J Funct Foods 2015, 15, 1–10, doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.010. Nankar R.P. Doble M. : Ellagic acid potentiates insulin sensitising activity of pioglitazone in L6 myotubes . J Funct Foods 2015 , 15 , 1 – 10 , doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.010 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Neyrinck A.M., Hée V.F.V., Bindels L.B., Backer F.D., Cani P.D., Delzenne N.M.: Polyphenol-rich extract of pomegranate peel alleviates tissue inflammation and hypercholesterolaemia in high-fat diet-induced obese mice: potential implication of the gut microbiota. Br J Nutr 2013, 109, 802–809, doi: 10.1017/S0007114512002206. Neyrinck A.M. Hée V.F.V. Bindels L.B. Backer F.D. Cani P.D. Delzenne N.M. : Polyphenol-rich extract of pomegranate peel alleviates tissue inflammation and hypercholesterolaemia in high-fat diet-induced obese mice: potential implication of the gut microbiota . Br J Nutr 2013 , 109 , 802 – 809 , doi: 10.1017/S0007114512002206 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Oyedemi S.O., Adewusi E.A., Aiyegoro O.A., Akinpelu D.A.: Antidiabetic and haematological effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of Afzelia africana (Smith) on streptozotocin–induced diabetic Wistar rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011, 1, 353–358, doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60079-8 Oyedemi S.O. Adewusi E.A. Aiyegoro O.A. Akinpelu D.A. : Antidiabetic and haematological effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of Afzelia africana (Smith) on streptozotocin–induced diabetic Wistar rats . Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011 , 1 , 353 – 358 , doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60079-8 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Quiñones M., Miguel M., Aleixandre A.: Beneficial effects of polyphenols on cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2013, 68, 125–131, doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.018. Quiñones M. Miguel M. Aleixandre A. : Beneficial effects of polyphenols on cardiovascular disease . Pharmacol Res 2013 , 68 , 125 – 131 , doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.018 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

33. R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2021. R Core Team : R: A language and environment for statistical computing . R Foundation for Statistical Computing , Vienna , 2021 . Search in Google Scholar

34. Ramzy M.: Role of pomegranate peel on ameliorated hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia in experimental rats. J Med Sci Res 2019, 2, 185, doi: 10.4103/JMISR.JMISR_26_19. Ramzy M. : Role of pomegranate peel on ameliorated hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia in experimental rats . J Med Sci Res 2019 , 2 , 185 , doi: 10.4103/JMISR.JMISR_26_19 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Salehi B., Ata A., V. Anil Kumar N., Sharopov F., Ramírez-Alarcón K., Ruiz-Ortega A., Ayatollahi S.A., Valere Tsouh Fokou P., Kobarfard F., Amiruddin Zakaria Z., Iriti M., Taheri Y., Martorell M., Sureda A., Setzer W.N., Durazzo A., Lucarini M., Santini A., Capasso R., Ostrander E.A., Ur Rahman A., Iqbal Choudhary M., Cho W.C., Sharifi-Rad J.: Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 551, doi: 10.3390/biom9100551. Salehi B. Ata A. Anil Kumar N V. Sharopov F. Ramírez-Alarcón K. Ruiz-Ortega A. Ayatollahi S.A. Valere Tsouh Fokou P. Kobarfard F. Amiruddin Zakaria Z. Iriti M. Taheri Y. Martorell M. Sureda A. Setzer W.N. Durazzo A. Lucarini M. Santini A. Capasso R. Ostrander E.A. Ur Rahman A. Iqbal Choudhary M. Cho W.C. Sharifi-Rad J. : Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components . Biomolecules 2019 , 9 , 551 , doi: 10.3390/biom9100551 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

36. Singer-Englar T., Barlow G., Mathur R.: Obesity, diabetes, and the gut microbiome: an updated review. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019, 13, 3–15, doi: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1543023. Singer-Englar T. Barlow G. Mathur R. : Obesity, diabetes, and the gut microbiome: an updated review . Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019 , 13 , 3 – 15 , doi: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1543023 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

37. Singh B., Singh J.P., Kaur A., Singh N.: Phenolic compounds as beneficial phytochemicals in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel: A review. Food Chem 2018, 261, 75–86, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.039. Singh B. Singh J.P. Kaur A. Singh N. : Phenolic compounds as beneficial phytochemicals in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel: A review . Food Chem 2018 , 261 , 75 – 86 , doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.039 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

38. Song H., Shen X., Deng R., Chu Q., Zheng X.: Pomegranate peel anthocyanins prevent diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in association with modulation of the gut microbiota in mice. Eur J Nutr 2022, 61, 1837–1847, doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02771-1. Song H. Shen X. Deng R. Chu Q. Zheng X. : Pomegranate peel anthocyanins prevent diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in association with modulation of the gut microbiota in mice . Eur J Nutr 2022 , 61 , 1837 – 1847 , doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02771-1 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

39. Swarup S., Goyal A., Grigorova Y., Zeltser R.: Metabolic Syndrome. In: StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, 2022. Swarup S. Goyal A. Grigorova Y. Zeltser R. : Metabolic Syndrome . In: StatPearls , StatPearls Publishing , Treasure Island , 2022 . Search in Google Scholar

40. Tiwari M., Dixit B., Parvez S., Agrawala P.K.: EGCG, a tea polyphenol, as a potential mitigator of hematopoietic radiation injury in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017, 88, 203–209, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.129. Tiwari M. Dixit B. Parvez S. Agrawala P.K. : EGCG, a tea polyphenol, as a potential mitigator of hematopoietic radiation injury in mice . Biomed Pharmacother 2017 , 88 , 203 – 209 , doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.129 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

41. Tomás-Barberán F.A., González-Sarrías A., García-Villalba R., Núñez-Sánchez M.A., Selma M.V., Garcia-Conesa M.T., Espin J.C.: Urolithins, the rescue of “old” metabolites to understand a “new” concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017, 61, 1500901, doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901. Tomás-Barberán F.A. González-Sarrías A. García-Villalba R. Núñez-Sánchez M.A. Selma M.V. Garcia-Conesa M.T. Espin J.C. : Urolithins, the rescue of “old” metabolites to understand a “new” concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status . Mol Nutr Food Res 2017 , 61 , 1500901 , doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

42. Trask A.J., Katz P.S., Kelly A.P., Galantowicz M.L., Cismowski M.J., West T.A., Neeb Z.P., Berwick Z.C., Goodwill A.G., Alloosh M., Tune J.D., Sturek M., Lucchesi P.A.: Dynamic micro- and macrovascular remodeling in coronary circulation of obese Ossabaw pigs with metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol 2012, 113, 1128–1140, doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00604.2012. Trask A.J. Katz P.S. Kelly A.P. Galantowicz M.L. Cismowski M.J. West T.A. Neeb Z.P. Berwick Z.C. Goodwill A.G. Alloosh M. Tune J.D. Sturek M. Lucchesi P.A. : Dynamic micro- and macrovascular remodeling in coronary circulation of obese Ossabaw pigs with metabolic syndrome . J Appl Physiol 2012 , 113 , 1128 – 1140 , doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00604.2012 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

43. Turkbey E.B., McClelland R.L., Kronmal R.A., Burke G.L., Bild D.E.,Tracy R.P., Arai A.E., Lima J.A.C., Bluemke D.A.: The Impact of Obesity on the Left Ventricle. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010, 3, 266–274, doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.10.012. Turkbey E.B. McClelland R.L. Kronmal R.A. Burke G.L. Bild D.E. Tracy R.P. Arai A.E. Lima J.A.C. Bluemke D.A. : The Impact of Obesity on the Left Ventricle . JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010 , 3 , 266 – 274 , doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.10.012 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

44. Vinayagam R., Jayachandran M., Xu B.: Antidiabetic Effects of Simple Phenolic Acids: A Comprehensive Review. Phytother Res 2016, 30, 184–199, doi: 10.1002/ptr.5528. Vinayagam R. Jayachandran M. Xu B. : Antidiabetic Effects of Simple Phenolic Acids: A Comprehensive Review . Phytother Res 2016 , 30 , 184 – 199 , doi: 10.1002/ptr.5528 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

45. Xu H., Li X., Adams H., Kubena K., Guo S.: Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2019, 20, 128, doi: 10.3390/ijms20010128. Xu H. Li X. Adams H. Kubena K. Guo S. : Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention . Int J Mol Sci 2019 , 20 , 128 , doi: 10.3390/ijms20010128 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

46. Yang Q., Liang Q., Balakrishnan B., Belobrajdic D.P., Feng Q.-J., Zhang W.: Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 381, doi: 10.3390/nu12020381. Yang Q. Liang Q. Balakrishnan B. Belobrajdic D.P. Feng Q.-J. Zhang W. : Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review . Nutrients 2020 , 12 , 381 , doi: 10.3390/nu12020381 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

47. Zafar U., Khaliq S., Ahmad H.U., Manzoor S., Lone K.P.: Metabolic syndrome: an update on diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, and genetic links. Hormones 2018, 17, 299–313, doi: 10.1007/s42000-018-0051-3. Zafar U. Khaliq S. Ahmad H.U. Manzoor S. Lone K.P. : Metabolic syndrome: an update on diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, and genetic links . Hormones 2018 , 17 , 299 – 313 , doi: 10.1007/s42000-018-0051-3 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

48. Zhang S., Xu M., Zhang W., Liu C., Chen S.: Natural Polyphenols in Metabolic Syndrome: Protective Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021, 22, 6110, doi: 10.3390/ijms22116110. Zhang S. Xu M. Zhang W. Liu C. Chen S. : Natural Polyphenols in Metabolic Syndrome: Protective Mechanisms and Clinical Applications . Int J Mol Sci 2021 , 22 , 6110 , doi: 10.3390/ijms22116110 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

49. Zhang X., Du L., Zhang W., Yang M., Chen L.,Hou C., Li J.: Pomegranate peel polyphenols alleviate insulin resistance through the promotion of insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of metabolic syndrome rats. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2022, 11, 1076–1085, doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.034. Zhang X. Du L. Zhang W. Yang M. Chen L. Hou C. Li J. : Pomegranate peel polyphenols alleviate insulin resistance through the promotion of insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of metabolic syndrome rats . Food Sci Hum Wellness 2022 , 11 , 1076 – 1085 , doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.034 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar