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Screening for Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle herds in Poland

Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
, 
Agnieszka Jodełko
Agnieszka Jodełko
, 
Zbigniew Osiński
Zbigniew Osiński
 y 
Krzysztof Niemczuk
Krzysztof Niemczuk
   | 18 dic 2022
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Publicado en línea: 18 dic 2022
Páginas: 549 - 557
Recibido: 19 oct 2022
Aceptado: 06 dic 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0070
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© 2022 M. Szymańska-Czerwińska et al. published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

True seroprevalence of C. burnetii at animal and herd level in cattle herds in the voivodeships of Poland based on sera analyses by ELISA. TPH – true positive herds; TPA – true positive animals; voivodeships: GP – Greater Poland, KP – Kuyavia-Pomerania, LP – Lesser Poland, LS – Lower Silesia, LB – Lublin, LU – Lubusz, LDZ – Łódź, MAS – Mazovia, OPO – Opole, PDL – Podlaskie, POM – Pomerania, SL – Silesia, PKR – Subcarpathia, SW – Świętokrzyskie, WM – Warmia-Masuria, WP – West Pomerania
True seroprevalence of C. burnetii at animal and herd level in cattle herds in the voivodeships of Poland based on sera analyses by ELISA. TPH – true positive herds; TPA – true positive animals; voivodeships: GP – Greater Poland, KP – Kuyavia-Pomerania, LP – Lesser Poland, LS – Lower Silesia, LB – Lublin, LU – Lubusz, LDZ – Łódź, MAS – Mazovia, OPO – Opole, PDL – Podlaskie, POM – Pomerania, SL – Silesia, PKR – Subcarpathia, SW – Świętokrzyskie, WM – Warmia-Masuria, WP – West Pomerania

Fig. 2

Multivariate analysis of the presence of antibodies against C. burnetii in individual milk samples and bulk tank milk, geographical location of farms, positive and negative conformity rates between results from ELISA test and results from real-time PCR. Blue points represent each category of analysed variables. Blue points with similar profiles (low value of distances indicating a strong association between variables) are marked by the red rectangle without corners. Blue points located in the green rectangle in the graph’s centre showed the points with similar profiles but representing eigenvalues indicating the lack of any association. Voivodeships: GP – Greater Poland, KP – Kuyavia-Pomerania, LP – Lesser Poland, LS – Lower Silesia, LB – Lublin, LB – Lubusz, LDZ – Łódź, MAS – Mazovia, OPO – Opole, PDL – Podlaskie, POM – Pomerania, SL – Silesia, PKR – Subcarpathia, SW – Świętokrzyskie, WM – Warmia-Masuria, WP – West Pomerania; BTM – bulk tank milk; IMS – individual milk sample; CON – conforming results between ELISA and real-time PCR; NCON – non-conforming results between ELISA and real-time PCR; CON Pos – positive conforming results in ELISA and real-time PCR tests; CON Neg – negative conforming results in ELISA and real-time PCR; ELISA Neg – negative ELISA results; ELISA Pos – positive ELISA results; real-time PCR Neg – negative real-time PCR results; real-time PCR Pos – positive real-time PCR results
Multivariate analysis of the presence of antibodies against C. burnetii in individual milk samples and bulk tank milk, geographical location of farms, positive and negative conformity rates between results from ELISA test and results from real-time PCR. Blue points represent each category of analysed variables. Blue points with similar profiles (low value of distances indicating a strong association between variables) are marked by the red rectangle without corners. Blue points located in the green rectangle in the graph’s centre showed the points with similar profiles but representing eigenvalues indicating the lack of any association. Voivodeships: GP – Greater Poland, KP – Kuyavia-Pomerania, LP – Lesser Poland, LS – Lower Silesia, LB – Lublin, LB – Lubusz, LDZ – Łódź, MAS – Mazovia, OPO – Opole, PDL – Podlaskie, POM – Pomerania, SL – Silesia, PKR – Subcarpathia, SW – Świętokrzyskie, WM – Warmia-Masuria, WP – West Pomerania; BTM – bulk tank milk; IMS – individual milk sample; CON – conforming results between ELISA and real-time PCR; NCON – non-conforming results between ELISA and real-time PCR; CON Pos – positive conforming results in ELISA and real-time PCR tests; CON Neg – negative conforming results in ELISA and real-time PCR; ELISA Neg – negative ELISA results; ELISA Pos – positive ELISA results; real-time PCR Neg – negative real-time PCR results; real-time PCR Pos – positive real-time PCR results

Results of ELISA on sera samples at herd and animal level in each voivodeship

Voivodeship Animal level
 Herd level
Number of tested animals Number of positive animals (%) CI (95%) Clopper Pearson % True positive animals (CI 95%) Number of tested herds Number of positive herds (%) CI (95%) Clopper Pearson % True positive herds (CI 95%)
Greater Poland 173 11 (6.36) 3.2–11.1% 5.6 (0.7–11.7) 26 3 (11.54) 2.45–30.15% 12.9 (2.1–32.8)
Kuyavia-Pomerania 243 23 (9.47) 6.1–13.9% 8.9 (2.2–15.4) 65 13 (20.0) 11.1–31.77% 20.9 (9.8–36.4)c)
Lesser Poland 50 1 (2.0) 0.1–10.6% 2.8 (0.1–11.3) 4 1 (25.0) 0.63–80.59% 33.3 (4.1–80.7)
Lower Silesia 200 6 (3.0) 1.1–6.4% 2.4 (0.2–6.5) a) 33 3 (9.09) 1.92–24.33% 9.8 (1.3–25.3)
Lublin 103 5 (4.85) 1.6–11.0% 4.5 (0.4–11.4) 35 4 (11.43) 3.2–26.74% 12.3 (2.2–29.4)
Lubusz 106 4 (3.77) 1.0–9.4% 3.5 (0.3–10.0) 42 4 (9.52) 2.66–22.62% 10.0 (1.6–23.9)
Łódź 206 18 (8.74) 5.3–13.5% 8.1 (1.8–14.7) 169 15 (8.88) 5.05–14.22% 8.2 (1.9–15.4)
Mazovia 131 9 (6.87) 3.2–12.6% 6.3 (1.0–13.2) 21 6 (28.57) 11.28–52.18% 31.2 (12.1–57.8)d)
Opole 150 8 (5.30) 2.3–10.2% 4.7 (0.5–10.7) 51 5 (9.8) 3.26–21.41% 10.1 (1.8–22.5)
Podlaskie 116 11 (9.48) 4.8–16.3% 9.1 (2.1–17.6) 41 6 (14.63) 5.57–29.17% 15.4 (4.1–32.1)
Pomerania 87 6 (6.9) 2.6–14.4% 6.6 (0.8–15.4) 51 5 (9.8) 3.26–21.41% 10.0 (1.7–23.0)
Silesia 160 17 (10.63) 6.3–16.5% 10.1 (2.8–18.2) 30 5 (16.67) 5.64–34.72% 18.1 (5.0–37.8)e)
Subcarpathia 136 1 (0.7) 0.1–4.0% 1.0 (0.0–4.2) b) 134 1 (0.75) 0.02–4.09% 1.0 (0.0–4.3)c),d),e),f),g)
Świętokrzyskie 20 2 (10.0) 1.2–31.7% 12.1 (1.4–34.2) 5 2 (40.0) 5.27–85.34% 45.2 (10.9–87.3)f)
Warmia-Masuria 153 24 (15.69) 10.3–22.4% 15.7 (6.7–25.6) a),b) 69 13 (18.84) 10.43–30.06% 19.6 (8.8–33.8)g)
West Pomerania 146 8 (5.48) 2.4–10.5% 4.8 (0.5–10.8) 25 3 (12.0) 2.55–31.22% 13.5 (2.1–33.7)
Total 2,180 154 (7.06) 6.0–8.2% 6.0 (1.1–9.4) 801 89 (11.11) 9.02–13.49% 10.5 (3.2–15.8)

Results of real-time PCR and ELISA for milk samples at herd level in each voivodeship

Voivodeship Sample category** Number of tested herds Number of positive herds in real-time PCR* Number of positive herds in ELISA* Real-time PCR ELISA
Percentage of positive herds CI (95%) Percentage of positive herds CI (95%)
IMS 1 1 1
Greater Poland BTM 1 0 1
BTM + IMS 1 1 1
Total 3 2 3 66.67% 9.43–99.16% 100% 29.24–100.00%
IMS 27 4 18
Kuyavia- BTM 1 0 0
Pomerania BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 28 4 18 14.29% 4.03–32.67% 64.29% 44.07–81.36%
IMS 3 0 0
BTM 1 0 0
Lesser Poland BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 4 0 0 0.00% 0.00–60.24% 0.00% 0.00–60.24%
IMS 4 1 3
Lower Silesia BTM BTM + IMS 1 0 0 0 1 0
Total 5 1 4 20% 0.51–71.64% 80.00% 28.36–99.49%
IMS 4 1 3
BTM 1 0 1
Lublin BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 5 1 4 20% 0.51–71.64% 80.00% 28.36–99.49%
IMS 3 0 1
Lubusz BTM 0 0 0
BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 3 0 1 0% 0.00-70.76% 33.33% 0.84-90.57%
IMS 6 1 3
BTM 1 1 1
Łódź BTM + IMS 1 1 1
Total 8 3 5 37.5% 8.52–75.51% 62.50% 24.49–91.48%
IMS 15 3 7
BTM 3 1 1
Mazovia BTM + IMS 1 0 1
Total 19 4 9 21.05% 6.05–45.57% 47.37% 24.45–71.14%
IMS 8 1 5
Opole BTM BTM + IMS 1 0 1 0 1 0
Total 9 2 6 22.22% 2.81–60.01% 66.67% 29.93–92.51%
IMS 16 6 13
Podlaskie BTM BTM + IMS 3 0 0 0 1 0
Total 19 6 14 31.58% 12.58–56.55% 73.68% 48.8–90.85%
IMS 7 3 5
Pomerania BTM 1 1 1
BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 8 4 6 50% 15.70–84.3% 75.00% 34.91–96.81%
IMS 3 0 1
BTM 2 1 1
Silesia BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 5 1 2 20% 0.51–71.64% 40.00% 5.27–85.34%
IMS 4 1 2
BTM 0 0 0
Subcarpathia BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 4 1 2 25% 0.63–80.59% 50.00% 6.76–93.24%
IMS 2 1 2
Świętokrzyskie BTM 2 2 2
BTM + IMS 0 0 0
Total 4 3 4 75% 19.41–99.37% 100.00% 39.67–100%
IMS 3 0 1
Warmi-Masurian BTM BTM + IMS 1 1 1 0 1 1
Total 5 1 3 20% 0.51–71.64% 60.00% 14.66–94.73%
IMS 3 0 3
West Pomerania BTM 0 0 0
BTM + IMS 1 0 1
Total 4 0 4 0% 0.00–60.24% 100% 39.76–100%
IMS 109 23 68 21.1% 13.87–29.96% 62.39% 52.6–71.48%
BTM 19 8 12 42.11% 20.25–66.5% 63.16% 38.36–83.71%
Total BTM + IMS 5 2 5 40% 5.27–85.34% 100% 47.82–100%
Total 133 33 85 24.81% 17.74–33.04% 63.91% 55.13–72.05%
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