Species of bird | Number of |
Phenotypic resistance combination pattern (number of classes of antimicrobial agents) | Number of strains |
---|---|---|---|
no resistance | 10 | ||
β-lactams ( |
6 | ||
macrolides ( |
7 | ||
fusidic acid ( |
6 | ||
fluoroquinolones ( |
1 | ||
fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones ( |
5 | ||
phenicols, tetracyclines ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, β-lactams ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, β-lactams ( |
2 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams ( |
2 | ||
macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines ( |
2 | ||
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, tetracyclines ( |
1 | ||
Capercaillie | fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, β-lactams, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | |
( |
57 (44.2) | fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, β-lactams, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 |
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, β-lactams, tetracyclines ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, β-lactams, macrolides ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, phenicols ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
2 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, Fusidic acid, aminoglycosides, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, Fusidic acid, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
2 | ||
no resistance | 7 | ||
β-lactams ( |
1 | ||
macrolides ( |
1 | ||
tetracyclines ( |
2 | ||
sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
macrolides, tetracyclines ( |
2 | ||
Fusidic acid, tetracyclines ( |
3 | ||
Fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones ( |
1 | ||
macrolides, β-lactams ( |
1 | ||
White stork ( |
27 (20.9) | fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines ( |
1 1 |
fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, macrolides ( |
1 | ||
fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines ( |
1 | ||
fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, phenicols ( |
1 | ||
fusidic acid, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, phenicols ( |
1 | ||
no resistance | 1 | ||
phenicols ( |
1 | ||
β-lactams, tetracyclines ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines ( |
4 | ||
macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, tetracyclines ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, macrolides, fusidic acid, tetracyclines ( |
2 | ||
fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, fusidic acid, tetracyclines ( |
4 | ||
Common pheasant | fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | |
( |
22 (17.1) | fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, tetracyclines, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 |
fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, tetracyclines, macrolides, phenicols ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, β-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, β-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, β-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, phenicols, sulfonamide + dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor ( |
1 | ||
Tawny owl | no resistance | 4 | |
6 (4.6) | β-lactams ( |
1 | |
( |
macrolides, fusidic acid, tetracyclines ( |
1 | |
Common kestrel | 5 (3.9) | no resistance | 4 |
( |
fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, macrolides ( |
1 | |
Common blackbird ( |
4 (3.1) | no resistance | 4 |
no resistance | 1 | ||
Mute swan | 3 (2.3) | fluoroquinolones, β-lactams ( |
1 |
( |
fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, fusidic acid ( |
1 | |
Song thrush | no resistance | 1 | |
( |
3 (2.3) | fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid ( |
1 |
β-lactams, macrolides ( |
1 | ||
Grey heron ( |
1 (0.8) | macrolides, aminoglycosides ( |
1 |
Great spotted woodpecker ( |
1 (0.8) | no resistance | 1 |
Gene | Oligonucleotide sequence (5′-3′) | Amplicon size (bp) | PCR conditions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
AAAATCGATGGTAAAGGTTGGC AGTTCTGGCACTACCGGATTTGC | 533 | 94℃, 5 min, 40 cycles of 94℃ for 1 min, 58℃ for 1 min, 72℃ for 2 min, final extension 72℃ for 5 min | ( |
|
GAA AAA AAG GCT TAG AAC GCC TC GAA GAT CTT TTC CGT TTT CAG C | 138 | 94℃, 15 min, 30 cycles of 94℃ for 30 s, 59℃ for 1 min, 72℃ for 1 min, final extension for 10 min | ( |
|
ACTTCAACACCTGCTGCTTTC TAGGTTCAGATTGGCCCTTAG TCT AAAAAG CATGTAAAAGAA TGA TTATAATTATTT GATAGC TTC | 173 645 | 95℃, 3 min, 30 cycles of 95℃ for 30 s, 54℃ for 30 s, 72℃ for 30 s, final extension 72℃ for 4 min | ( |
|
TAACGACGAAACTGGCTAAAA ATCTGTGGTATGGCGGGTAAG | 416 | 95℃, 3 min, 30 cycles of 95℃ for 30 s, 55℃ for 30 s, 72℃ for 45 s, final extension 72℃ for 5 min | ( |
|
TAATCGTGGAATACGGGTTTG AATCGTCAATTCCTGCATGT | 299 | |||
GTAGCGACAATAGGTAATAGT GTAGTGACAATAAACCTCCTA | 360 | |||
CATATGTCCTGGCGTGTCTA AGTGGAGCGATTACAGAA | 158 | 94℃, 5 min, 30 cycles of 94℃ for 1 min, 57℃ for 1 min, 72℃ for 1 min, | ( |
|
ATAAATTGTTTCGGGTCGGTAAT AACCAGCCAACTAATGACAATGAT | 1077 | final extension 72℃ for 5 min | ||
AACTTAGGCATTCTGGCTCAC TCCCACTGTTCCATATCGTCA | 514 | |||
GCAAATGGTGTAGGTAAGACAACT ATCATGTGATGTAAACAAAAT | 399 | 95℃, 3 min, 35 cycles of 93℃ for 30 s, 55℃ for 2 min, 74℃ for 1 min, final extension 72℃ 90 s | ( |
|
CAGAGCCTTGGGAAGATGAAG CCTCGTGTAATTCATGTTCTGGC | 348 | 94℃, 10 min, 35 cycles of 94℃ for 45 s, 60℃ for 60 s, 72℃ for 60 s, final extension cycle 72℃ for 5 min | ( |
|
TTTGTTTTCAGTGTCAGAATTTATGTTTG GGCTTGGTGAAATATCAGCTATTAAAC | 140 | 94℃, 5 min, 30 cycles of 94℃ for 30 s, 60℃ for 30 s, 72℃ for 60 s, final extension 72℃ for 5 min | ( |
|
TGA AGT ATA AAG CAG GTT GGG AGT CA ACC ATA TAA TTG ACC ACA AGC AGC | 746 | 94℃, 2 min, 30 cycles of 94℃ for 30 s, 45℃ for 30 s, and 72℃ for 45 s, final extension 72℃ for 1 min | ( |
|
GAG ACT ACC AAG AAG ACC TGA CG CAT ACG CCG ATT CTC CTG AT | 530 | 95℃, 5 min, 35 cycles of 94℃ for 1 min, 59℃ for 1 min, 72℃ for 2 min, final extension 72℃ for 1 min | ( |
|
TGCATGTTTTCAGAGTTAATC ACGATCAATTTTTACAGC | 544 | |||
TCTTTGTCGTAAGATAAACTTC GAATGATATTAATTCGCATC | 416 | 94℃, 5 min, 35 cycles of 94℃ for 2 min, 57℃ for 2 min, 72℃ for 1 min, | ( |
|
GACATAAAAGCTAGGAATTT AAATCGGATTAACATTATCCA | 257 | final extension 72℃ for 7 min | ||
TTACTAGTTTGGTAATATCTCCTT CCACCATAACAATTAATGC | 334 | |||
ATAGATAAAGTTAAAACAAGCAA TAACTTACCGTGGACCC | 170 | |||
ACCCCTGTTCCCTTATCATC TTTTCAGTATTTGTAACGCC | 326 | |||
ATCATTAGGTAAAATGTCTGGACATGATCCA GCATCAASTGTATTGGATAGCAAAAGC | 433 | 95℃, 5 min, 30 cycles of 94℃ for 1 min, 55℃ for 30 s, 72℃ for 1 min, | ( |
|
GCAGGTGTTGATTTAGCATT AGATGTCCCTATTTTTGCTG | 93 | final extension at 72℃ for 5 min | ||
ACAAGCAAAAGAATACAGCG GTTTTTGGCTGCTTCTCTTG | 226 |
Number of |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bird species | Total examined animals | Heart | Liver | Spleen | Tarsal joint | Conjunctiva | Palatal fissure | Yolk sac | Dead embryo |
Capercaillie ( |
73 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 13 |
White stork ( |
35 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 6 | - | - |
Common pheasant( |
46 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | - |
Tawny owl ( |
10 | - | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - |
Common kestrel ( |
8 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
Common blackbird ( |
7 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
Mute swan ( |
5 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Song thrush ( |
5 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
Grey heron ( |
2 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Great spotted woodpecker ( |
4 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Common buzzard ( |
3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Black grouse ( |
2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Common swift ( |
4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Meadow pipit ( |
5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Fieldfare ( |
4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lesser spotted eagle ( |
1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Total | 214 | 10 | 14 | 26 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 11 | 13 |
Bird species | Number of strains | Antibiotic |
||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AML25 | AMC30 | AMP10 | P10 | FOX30 | DA2 | C30 | E15 | CN10 | TE30 | SXT25 | ENR5 | FD5 | ||
Capercaillie ( |
57 | 12 21% | 7 12.3% | 21 36.8% | 18 31.6% | 9 15.8% | 23 40.4% | 4 7% | 19 33.3% | 4 7% | 14 24.6% | 11 19.3% | 26 45.6% | 20 35.1% |
White stork ( |
27 | 5 18.5% | 3 11.1% | 6 22.2% | 5 18.5% | 5 18.5% | 3 11.1% | 2 7.4% | 9 33.3% | 1 3.7% | 12 44.4% | 3 11.1% | 9 33.3% | 12 44.4% |
Common pheasant ( |
22 | 10 45.5% | 8 36.4% | 12 54.5% | 11 50.0% | 7 31.8% | 3 13.6% | 3 13.6% | 11 50.5% | - | 20 90/9% | 5 22.7% | 18 81.8% | 11 50.5% |
Tawny owl ( |
6 | - | - | 1 16.7% | - | - | - | - | 1 16.7% | - | 1 16.7% | - | - | 1 16.7% |
Common kestrel ( |
5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.01 % | - | - | - | 20.01 % | 20.01 % |
Common blackbird ( |
4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mute swan ( |
3 | 1 33.3% | 1 33.3% | 2 66.6% | 2 66.6% | 2 66.6% | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 66.6% | 1 33.3% |
Song thrush ( |
3 | - | 1 33.3% | 1 33.3% | 1 33.3% | - | - | - | 1 33.3% | - | - | - | 1 33.3% | 1 33.3% |
Grey heron ( |
1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 100% | 1 100% | - | - | - | - |
Great spotted woodpecker ( |
1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Gene | Total | % | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 7.0 | |||||||||||||||||
2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 12.4 | ||||||||||||
3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 13.2 | |||||||||||
5 | 1 | 6 | 4.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 21 | 16.3 | |||||||||||||
7 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 20.9 | |||||||||||
19 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 49 | 38.0 | |||||||||
16 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 40 | 31.0 | |||||||||
5 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5.4 | |||||||||||||||||
3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5.4 | |||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3.9 | |||||||||||||||
6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 15.5 | ||||||||||||
3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5.4 | |||||||||||||||
7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 17.8 | ||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2.3 | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 0.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
129 |
Antibiotic | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | AML25 | AMC30 | AMP10 | P10 | FOX30 | DA2 | C30 | E15 | CN10 | TE30 | SXT25 | ENR5 | FD5 | |
R | 15 | 8 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 15 | 3 | 26 | 28 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | 12 | - | 5 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
R | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | 4 | - | 6 | 2 | 6 | 6 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 5 | - | 7 | 2 | 5 | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | - | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | 3 | - | 4 | - | 4 | 5 | 5 | - | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - | 3 | - | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
R | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
R | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1- | 1 | 1 | ||
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
R | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
I | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Total number | 28 | 20 | 43 | 37 | 23 | 29 | 9 | 43 | 6 | 47 | 19 | 57 | 47 | |
% | 21.7 | 15.5 | 33.3 | 28.7 | 17.8 | 22.5 | 7.0 | 33.3 | 4.7 | 36.4 | 14.7 | 44.2 | 36.4 |