Acceso abierto

An investigation into the effects of prompt selection on writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency: The case of Iranian learners at different proficiency levels


Cite

Ahmadi, A., & Meihami, H. (2017). The development of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in learners’ writing: A dynamic systems theory. XLinguae, 10(3), 57-71.10.18355/XL.2017.10.03.05Search in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-TSearch in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I. (2012). Values, attitudes, and behavior. In S. Salzborn, E. Davidov, & J. Reinecke (Eds.), Methods, theories, and empirical applications in the social sciences (pp. 33–38). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.10.1007/978-3-531-18898-0_5Search in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar

Alexander, P. A., Schallert, D. L., & Hare, V. C. (1991). Coming to terms: How researchers in learning and literacy talk about knowledge. Review of Educational Research, 61(3), 315-343.10.3102/00346543061003315Search in Google Scholar

Baynham, M. (2000). Academic writing in new and emergent discipline areas. In M. Lea & B. Stierer (eds.), Student writing in higher education: New contexts. (pp. 17-31). Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bonyadi, A. (2014). The effect of topic selection on EFL students’ writing performance. Sage Open, 4(3), 1-9.10.1177/2158244014547176Search in Google Scholar

Boyd, W. L., Crowson, R. L. & Van Geel, T. (1995). Rational choice and the politics of education: Promise and limitations. In J. D. Scribner and D. H. Layton (Eds), The study of educational politics (pp. 127-145). Washington: Falmer.10.1080/0268093940090512Search in Google Scholar

Breiner-Sanders, K.E., Swender, E., & Terry, R.M. (2001). Preliminary proficiency guidelines writing: Revised 2001. Hastings-on-Hudson, NY: ACTFL Materials Center.10.1111/j.1944-9720.2002.tb01828.xSearch in Google Scholar

Buss, D. M. (2000). The evolution of happiness. American Psychologist, 55, 15-23.10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.15Search in Google Scholar

Carroll, V. (1997). Learning to read, reading to learn (EDRS opinion papers). Retrieved January, 15, 2017, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxSearch in Google Scholar

Dunsmuir, S., Kyriacou, M., Batuwitage, S., Hinson, E., Ingram, V., & O’Sullivan, S. (2015). An evaluation of the Writing Assessment Measure (WAM) for children’s narrative writing. Assessing Writing, 23(1), 1-18.10.1016/j.asw.2014.08.001Search in Google Scholar

Edmunds, K., & Bauserman, K. (2006). What teachers can learn about reading motivation through conversations with children. Reading Teacher, 59, 414-424.10.1598/RT.59.5.1Search in Google Scholar

Ellis, R. (1990). Instructed second language acquisition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Ellis, R. (2004). Task-based language learning and teaching. Essex: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Ellis, R. & Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analyzing learner language. London: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Foster, P., Tonkyn, A., & Wigglesworth, G. (2000). Measuring spoken language: A unit for all reasons. Applied linguistics, 21(3), 354-375.10.1093/applin/21.3.354Search in Google Scholar

Glasser, W. (1998). Choice theory: A new psychology of personal freedom. New York, NY: HarperCollins.Search in Google Scholar

Gradwohl, J. M., & Schumacher, G. M. (1989). The relationship between content knowledge and topic choice in writing. Written Communication, 6, 181-195.10.1177/0741088389006002003Search in Google Scholar

Hannafin, M. J., Hill, J. R., Land, S. M., & Lee, E. (2013). Student-centered, open learning environments: Research, theory, and practice. In M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. Merrienboer, & M. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 641–651). London: Routledge.10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_51Search in Google Scholar

He, L. and Shi, L. (2012). Topical Knowledge and ESL Writing. Language Testing. 29(3), 443-464.10.1177/0265532212436659Search in Google Scholar

Hunt, K., W. (1970). Do sentences in the second language grow like those in the first? TESOL Quarterly, 4(3), 195–202.10.2307/3585720Search in Google Scholar

Hyland, K. (2016). Methods and methodologies in second language writing research. System, 59, 116-125.10.1016/j.system.2016.05.002Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, D. O., & Suethanapornkul, S. (2013). The cognition hypothesis: A synthesis and meta-analysis of research on second language task complexity. Language Learning, 63(2), 330-367.10.1111/lang.12008Search in Google Scholar

Kragler, S. (2000). Choosing books for reading: An analysis of three types of readers. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 14, 133-141.10.1080/02568540009594758Search in Google Scholar

Lambert, C., & Kormos, J. (2014). Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in task-based L2 research: Toward more developmentally based measures of second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, amu047, 1-9.10.1093/applin/amu047Search in Google Scholar

Larsen-Freeman, D. (1976). Evidence of the need for a second language acquisition index of development. In W. Ritchie (Ed.). Second language acquisition research: Issues and implications. New York: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

Leblanc, C., & Fujieda, M. (2012). Investigating effects of topic control on lexical variation in Japanese university students’ inclass timed-writing. Humanities Review, 17, 241-253.Search in Google Scholar

Lu, X. (2011). A corpus-based evaluation of syntactic complexity measures as indices of college-level ESL writers’ language development. TESOL Quarterly, 45(1), 36-62.10.5054/tq.2011.240859Search in Google Scholar

Meihami, H. & Rashidi, N. (2018). The effect of topical knowledge on ESP learners’ writing quality: complexity, accuracy, and fluency measures. XLinguae, 11(4), 45-58.10.18355/XL.2018.11.04.05Search in Google Scholar

Mishra, D., Akman, I., and Mishra, A. (2014). Theory of Reasoned Action application for Green Information Technology acceptance. Computers in human behavior, 36, 29-40.10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.030Search in Google Scholar

Nassaji, H., & Tian, J. (2010). Collaborative and individual output tasks and their effects on learning English phrasal verbs. Language Teaching Research, 14(4), 397-419.10.1177/1362168810375364Search in Google Scholar

Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2009). Towards an organic approach to investigating CAF in instructed SLA: The case of complexity. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 555-578.10.1093/applin/amp044Search in Google Scholar

Oni, A. A., Oni, S., Mbarika, V., & Ayo, C. K. (2017). Empirical study of user acceptance of online political participation: Integrating Civic Voluntarism Model and Theory of Reasoned Action. Government Information Quarterly, In press.10.1016/j.giq.2017.02.003Search in Google Scholar

Ortega, L. (2003). Syntactic complexity measures and their relationship to L2 proficiency: A research synthesis of college-level L2 writing. Applied Linguistics, 24(4), 492–518.10.1093/applin/24.4.492Search in Google Scholar

Pallotti, G. (2009). CAF: Defining, refining and differentiating constructs. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 590-601.10.1093/applin/amp045Search in Google Scholar

Paquin, R. S., & Keating, D. M. (2016). Fitting Identity in the Reasoned Action Framework: A Meta-analysis and Model Comparison. The Journal of Social Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2016.115221710.1080/00224545.2016.1152217Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Polio, C. (2001). Research methodology in second language writing research: The case of textbased studies. In Silva, T. & P. K. Matsuda (Eds.), On second language writing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Search in Google Scholar

Popham, W. J. (2005). Students’ attitudes count. Educational Leadership, 62(5), 84-85.Search in Google Scholar

Robinson, P. (2007). Task complexity, theory of mind, and intentional reasoning: effects on L2 speech production, interaction, uptake and perceptions of task difficulty. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 45(3), 193-213.10.1515/iral.2007.009Search in Google Scholar

Ryan, R. L., & Deci, E. M. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68Search in Google Scholar

Schmidt, R. (1994). Implicit learning and the cognitive unconscious: Of artificial grammars and SLA. In N. Ellis (ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of languages (pp. 165-209). London: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

Sewell, E. (2003). Students’ choice of books during self-selected reading (EDRS opinion papers). Retrieved January, 15, 2017 from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED476400.Search in Google Scholar

Skehan, P. & Foster, P. (1997). Task type and task processing conditions as influences on foreign language performance. Language Teaching Research, 1(3), 185-211.10.1177/136216889700100302Search in Google Scholar

Swain, M. (1998). Focus on form through conscious reflection. In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.). Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition (pp. 64-81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Tarone, E. Downing, B. Cohen, A. Gillette, S. Murie, R. & Dailey, B. (1993). The writing of Southeast Asian-American students in secondary school and university. Journal of Second Language Writing, 2(2), 149-172.10.1016/1060-3743(93)90015-USearch in Google Scholar

Tavakoli, M., & Rezazadeh, M. (2014). Individual and collaborative planning conditions: Effects on fluency, complexity and accuracy in L2 argumentative writing. The Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 5(4), 85-110.Search in Google Scholar

Thomas, M. (1994). Assessment of L2 proficiency in second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 44, 307–336.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01104.xSearch in Google Scholar

Threadkell, J. E. (2010). Seeking new perspectives on self-selected and teacher-assigned texts: Exploring adolescent readers’ experiences (Doctoral dissertation). University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, D. (2010). Chinese students’ choice of writing topics: A comparison between their self-selected topics and writing prompts in large-scale tests. Journal of Asia TEFL, 7(3), 165-187.Search in Google Scholar

Wigglesworth, G., & Storch, N. (2009). Pair versus individual writing: Effects on fluency, complexity and accuracy. Language Testing, 26(3), 445-466.10.1177/0265532209104670Search in Google Scholar

Wolf, J. (2013). Exploring and contrasting EFL learners’ perceptions of text-book assigned and self-selected discussion topics. Language Teaching Research, 17, 49-66.10.1177/1362168812457535Search in Google Scholar

Xing, J. & Luo, S. (2015) The effects of task complexity on Chinese learners’ language production: A synthesis and meta-analysis. Applied Research on English Language, 4(2), 96-109.Search in Google Scholar

Yuan, F. & Ellis, R. (2003). The effects of pre-task planning and on-line planning on fluency, complexity and accuracy in L2 monologic oral production. Applied Linguistics, 24(1), 1-27.10.1093/applin/24.1.1Search in Google Scholar