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Molecular and morphological characterization of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Corn (Zea mays) in South Carolina

Mihail R. Kantor
Mihail R. Kantor
, 
Zafar A. Handoo
Zafar A. Handoo
, 
Sergei A. Subbotin
Sergei A. Subbotin
, 
Joseph D. Mowery
Joseph D. Mowery
, 
Maria N. Hult
Maria N. Hult
, 
Stephen Rogers
Stephen Rogers
 y 
Andrea M. Skantar
Andrea M. Skantar
   | 28 feb 2023
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Article Category: Research Paper
Publicado en línea: 28 feb 2023
Páginas: -
Recibido: 12 may 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0003
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© 2023 Kantor et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. A: Female specimen, anterior end, arrow pointing toward the excretory pore; B: Female specimen, head; C: Female specimen, face view; D: Lateral field (midbody); E: Female specimen, anal opening; F: Female specimen, vulval opening; G: Male specimen, spicule; H: Female specimen, arrow showing the anal opening; I: Female specimen, tail; J: Male specimen, posterior end.
Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. A: Female specimen, anterior end, arrow pointing toward the excretory pore; B: Female specimen, head; C: Female specimen, face view; D: Lateral field (midbody); E: Female specimen, anal opening; F: Female specimen, vulval opening; G: Male specimen, spicule; H: Female specimen, arrow showing the anal opening; I: Female specimen, tail; J: Male specimen, posterior end.

Figure 2

Photomicrographs of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. males and females. A–B: Anterior end with arrows pointing toward the excretory pore; C: Excretory pore; D: Areolated lateral field; E: Entire female body; F: Female basal bulb; G: Female gonad; H–I: female posterior end with arrow pointing the anal area (H); J: Female vulva region with arrow pointing toward the spermatheca; K: Male spicule.
Photomicrographs of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. males and females. A–B: Anterior end with arrows pointing toward the excretory pore; C: Excretory pore; D: Areolated lateral field; E: Entire female body; F: Female basal bulb; G: Female gonad; H–I: female posterior end with arrow pointing the anal area (H); J: Female vulva region with arrow pointing toward the spermatheca; K: Male spicule.

Figure 3

Line drawings of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. A: Female pharyngeal region; B: Female lip region showing stylet; C: Areolated lateral field; D: Male spicule, gubernaculum, and bursa. E: Vulval region showing vulva, uterus, and spermatheca; F–G: female tails.
Line drawings of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. A: Female pharyngeal region; B: Female lip region showing stylet; C: Areolated lateral field; D: Male spicule, gubernaculum, and bursa. E: Vulval region showing vulva, uterus, and spermatheca; F–G: female tails.

Figure 4

Phylogenetic relationships of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. with other select Tylenchidae, as inferred from a 1585 bp alignment of 18S rRNA sequences, according to the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution and incorporated into MrBayes (MB) as described. A 50% majority rule consensus tree was generated with posterior probabilities (PP) shown on appropriate branches, with Aphelenchoides besseyi as the outgroup. New sequences are indicated in bold.
Phylogenetic relationships of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. with other select Tylenchidae, as inferred from a 1585 bp alignment of 18S rRNA sequences, according to the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution and incorporated into MrBayes (MB) as described. A 50% majority rule consensus tree was generated with posterior probabilities (PP) shown on appropriate branches, with Aphelenchoides besseyi as the outgroup. New sequences are indicated in bold.

Figure 5

Phylogenetic relationships of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. with other select Tylenchidae, as inferred from an 822 bp alignment of 28S rRNA sequences, according to the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution and incorporated into MrBayes (MB) as described. A 50% majority rule consensus tree was generated with posterior probabilities (PP) shown on appropriate branches, with Bursaphelenchus mucronatus as the outgroup. New sequences are indicated in bold.
Phylogenetic relationships of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. with other select Tylenchidae, as inferred from an 822 bp alignment of 28S rRNA sequences, according to the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution and incorporated into MrBayes (MB) as described. A 50% majority rule consensus tree was generated with posterior probabilities (PP) shown on appropriate branches, with Bursaphelenchus mucronatus as the outgroup. New sequences are indicated in bold.

Figure 6

Phylogenetic relationships of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. with other select Tylenchidae, as inferred from a 418 bp alignment of mitochondrial COI sequences, according to the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution and incorporated into MrBayes (MB) as described. A 50% majority rule consensus tree was generated with posterior probabilities (PP) shown on appropriate branches, with Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus as the outgroup. New sequences are indicated in bold.
Phylogenetic relationships of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. with other select Tylenchidae, as inferred from a 418 bp alignment of mitochondrial COI sequences, according to the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution and incorporated into MrBayes (MB) as described. A 50% majority rule consensus tree was generated with posterior probabilities (PP) shown on appropriate branches, with Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus as the outgroup. New sequences are indicated in bold.

Morphometrics of Tylenchus zeae n. sp. All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± standard deviation (range).

Character Holotype Female (n = 9) (Male n = 4)
L 830 830.0 ± 39.3 (765.0–895.0) 813.0 ± 45 (775.0–885.0)
Stylet 20 20.0 ± 0.7 (20.0–22.0) 20.0 (20.0–20.0)
MBW 27 25.0±2.58 (20.0–30.0) 22.0 (20.0–25.0)
Ant. end to exc. pore distance 102 103.0 ± 6.0 (92.0–115.0) —
Ant. end to esophago-intestinal valve 122 123.0 ± 5.5 (115.0–130.0) 123.0 ± 2.0 (120.0–125.0)
Tail 112 121.0 ± 5.9 (112.0–127.0) 127.0 ± 5.0 (122.0–135.0)
a 31 33.0 ± 3.7 (28.0–42.0) 37.0 ± 2.0 (35.0–39.0)
b 7 7.0 ± 0.5 (6.0–8.0) 7.0 ± 0.4 (6.0–7.0)
c 7 7.0 6.0 ± 0.3 (6.0–7.0)
V% 63 63.0 ± 1.2 (61–65%) —
Anal body width 15 15 ± 1.28 (12.0–17.0) 13.0 (12.0–14.0)
Spicules — — 21.0 ± 1.0 (20.0–23.0)
Gubernaculum — — 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.0–6.0)

Measurements for Tylenchus zeae n. sp. comparison with T. rex and T. sherianus female populations. Measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± standard deviation (range).

Character T. zeae n. sp. (n = 9) T. sherianus Andrassy (1979) T. rex Brzeski (1996) (n = 12) T. rex Andrassy (1979) T. rex Geraert (2008)
L 830.0 ± 39.3 (765.0–895.0) 750–840 1007.0 ± 52.4 (963.0–1087.0) 960.0–980.0 960–1009
Stylet 20.3 ± 0.7 (20.0–22.0) 19–20 20.4 ± 0.4 (19.5–205) 20.0–21.0 19–21
MBW 26.0 (20.0–30.0) — 30.7 (based on author calculations) — —
Ant. to exc. pore distance 103.0 ± 6.0 (92.0–115.0) — 130.0 ± 4.9 (121.0–157.0) — —
Ant. to esophago-intestinal valve 123.0 ± 5.5 (115.0–130.0) — 151.0 ± 4.4 (142.0–157.0) — 133–157
Tail 120.0 ± 5.9 (112.0–127.0) 100–116 134.0 ± 4.7 (127.0–141.0) 134.0–160.0 127–160
a 33.0 ± 3.7 (28.0–42.0) 25–28 32.8 ± 1.9 (30.0–36.0) 32.0–34.0 —
b 7.0 ± 0.5 (6.0–8.0) 5.7–6.0 6.7 ± 0.3 (6.4–7.3) 6.8–7.0 —
c 7.0 6.8–8.0 7.5 ± 0.4 (7.0–8.4) 6.0–7.1 6.0–8.4
V% 63.0 ± 1.2 (61–65%) 65–68 64.9 ± 0.8 (63.0–66.0) 61.0–63.0 61–66
MB% — 43 44.2 ± 0.8 (43–45) 43–45 43–45
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