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Global trends in international research collaboration, 1980-2021①

Dag W. Aksnes
Dag W. Aksnes
 y 
Gunnar Sivertsen
Gunnar Sivertsen
   | 07 jun 2023
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Article Category: Research Paper
Publicado en línea: 07 jun 2023
Páginas: 26 - 42
Recibido: 14 feb 2023
Aceptado: 19 may 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2023-0015
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© 2023 Dag W. Aksnes et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Number of publications by types of international collaboration, 1980-2021.
Number of publications by types of international collaboration, 1980-2021.

Figure 2.

Proportions of the world production of articles involving international co-authorship, 1980-2021, in three groups: multilateral, trilateral, bilateral collaboration.
Proportions of the world production of articles involving international co-authorship, 1980-2021, in three groups: multilateral, trilateral, bilateral collaboration.

Figure 3.

Proportion of internationally co-authored publications and their share of all citations.
Proportion of internationally co-authored publications and their share of all citations.

Figure 4.

Proportion of international collaboration by country/region, 2020-2021
Proportion of international collaboration by country/region, 2020-2021

Figure 5.

Collaboration patterns across country income groups, 2020-2021. Proportions of all publications.* *) N, high-income countries = 3.489.452 publications. N, upper middle-income countries = 2.071.524 publications. N, lower middle-income countries = 772.785 publications. N, low-income countries = 36.005 publications. Double counts excluded (publications with authors from more than one country/region in each country group).
Collaboration patterns across country income groups, 2020-2021. Proportions of all publications.* *) N, high-income countries = 3.489.452 publications. N, upper middle-income countries = 2.071.524 publications. N, lower middle-income countries = 772.785 publications. N, low-income countries = 36.005 publications. Double counts excluded (publications with authors from more than one country/region in each country group).

Average proportion of international collaboration by country income groups, 2020-2021.

Country group Number of countries/regions Average rate of international collaboration (weighted)
Low income 27 74%
Lower middle income 55 42%
Upper middle income 54 33%
High income 72 54%

Proportion of publications involving international collaboration by country/region.* Five-year time-periods (1981-2020) and most recent two-year period (2020-2021)

1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2020-2021 Overall change (pct. Points)
Switzerland 25 % 32 % 37 % 44 % 52 % 61 % 66 % 73 % 75 % 50
Saudi Arabia 24 % 16 % 16 % 22 % 33 % 46 % 72 % 75 % 75 % 51
Belgium 22 % 28 % 34 % 41 % 48 % 55 % 62 % 70 % 73 % 51
Sweden 19 % 24 % 30 % 37 % 44 % 52 % 58 % 66 % 70 % 51
Denmark 22 % 26 % 33 % 43 % 48 % 55 % 58 % 66 % 70 % 48
Netherlands 17 % 21 % 26 % 35 % 42 % 49 % 56 % 65 % 68 % 51
UK 13 % 16 % 21 % 28 % 36 % 42 % 50 % 60 % 65 % 52
France 15 % 19 % 25 % 32 % 39 % 46 % 52 % 61 % 63 % 48
Pakistan 26 % 27 % 27 % 33 % 33 % 32 % 42 % 53 % 63 % 37
Australia 13 % 16 % 20 % 27 % 35 % 40 % 47 % 58 % 62 % 49
Egypt 18 % 20 % 22 % 27 % 31 % 38 % 49 % 54 % 61 % 43
Canada 16 % 19 % 23 % 30 % 36 % 41 % 47 % 55 % 59 % 43
South Africa 12 % 13 % 17 % 28 % 38 % 40 % 46 % 53 % 59 % 47
Germany** 11 % 18 % 24 % 30 % 38 % 44 % 49 % 55 % 58 % 47
Portugal 37 % 35 % 37 % 39 % 43 % 46 % 48 % 55 % 58 % 21
Malaysia 26 % 33 % 32 % 36 % 35 % 32 % 35 % 45 % 56 % 30
Spain 10 % 17 % 25 % 29 % 33 % 36 % 43 % 50 % 52 % 42
Italy 17 % 22 % 25 % 30 % 33 % 39 % 43 % 50 % 51 % 34
Taiwan, China 23 % 17 % 16 % 15 % 16 % 19 % 24 % 37 % 44 % 21
Mexico 26 % 27 % 31 % 35 % 38 % 39 % 39 % 42 % 44 % 18
USA 7 % 9 % 12 % 17 % 21 % 27 % 32 % 39 % 41 % 34
Poland 17 % 24 % 34 % 35 % 35 % 31 % 29 % 34 % 38 % 21
Brazil 20 % 24 % 30 % 30 % 28 % 24 % 27 % 34 % 36 % 16
Japan 6 % 8 % 11 % 14 % 18 % 23 % 27 % 32 % 34 % 28
Iran 31 % 32 % 29 % 24 % 21 % 19 % 20 % 26 % 34 % 3
South Korea 32 % 28 % 25 % 20 % 22 % 24 % 27 % 30 % 33 % 1
Russia*** 5 % 4 % 15 % 25 % 31 % 30 % 28 % 26 % 30 % 25
China 17 % 19 % 21 % 20 % 18 % 18 % 20 % 25 % 26 % 9
India 6 % 8 % 11 % 14 % 18 % 19 % 18 % 21 % 26 % 20
Turkey 27 % 20 % 20 % 18 % 17 % 16 % 18 % 23 % 26 % -1

Proportion of publications involving international collaboration by WoS-categories.* Five-year time-periods (1981-2020) and the most recent two-year period (2020-2021)

1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2020-2021 Overall change (pct. points)**
Astronomy & Astrophysics 18 % 21 % 25 % 29 % 32 % 42 % 46 % 52 % 53 % 35
Evolutionary Biology 10 % 12 % 16 % 24 % 33 % 38 % 43 % 49 % 50 % 40
Palaeontology 12 % 12 % 16 % 25 % 32 % 39 % 44 % 48 % 50 % 38
Tropical Medicine 17 % 23 % 31 % 37 % 43 % 42 % 44 % 47 % 48 % 31
Parasitology 10 % 14 % 20 % 27 % 31 % 34 % 40 % 45 % 43 % 33
Physics, Particles & Fields 20 % 20 % 24 % 27 % 29 % 33 % 37 % 42 % 43 % 23
Ecology 5 % 7 % 9 % 16 % 24 % 30 % 35 % 39 % 41 % 36
Biodiversity Conservation 5 % 6 % 8 % 14 % 21 % 29 % 33 % 38 % 40 % 35
Geochemistry & Geophysics 11 % 14 % 19 % 24 % 31 % 34 % 37 % 39 % 39 % 28
Neuroimaging 2 % 5 % 6 % 10 % 17 % 23 % 30 % 37 % 39 % 37
Physics, Nuclear 21 % 21 % 25 % 30 % 31 % 32 % 34 % 39 % 38 % 17
Mineralogy 14 % 17 % 21 % 26 % 33 % 33 % 36 % 39 % 38 % 24
Geography, Physical 8 % 9 % 13 % 19 % 27 % 29 % 35 % 37 % 38 % 30
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci. 6 % 9 % 10 % 16 % 24 % 30 % 33 % 37 % 38 % 32
Mycology 7 % 9 % 14 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 33 % 38 % 37 % 30

j.jdis-2023-0015.utab.001

Article Country A Country B Country C
Article 1 X X X
Article 2 X
Article 3 X
Total number of articles 1 2 2
Number of internationally co-authored articles 1 1 1
Proportion of internationally co-authored articles 100% 50% 50%

Proportion of publications involving international collaboration by area of research. Five-year time-periods (1981-2020) and most recent two-year period (2020-2021)

1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2020-2021 Overall change (pct. points)*
Biology 6 % 8 % 10 % 16 % 22 % 27 % 30 % 34 % 35 % 29
Multidisciplinary jnls 7 % 8 % 13 % 16 % 23 % 26 % 31 % 34 % 35 % 28
Geosciences 8 % 9 % 11 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 32 % 33 % 25
Business stud & economics 6 % 8 % 9 % 12 % 16 % 17 % 22 % 27 % 32 % 26
Mathematics & statistics 10 % 13 % 15 % 18 % 21 % 22 % 25 % 29 % 30 % 20
Physics 10 % 12 % 15 % 18 % 20 % 24 % 25 % 28 % 30 % 20
Biomedicine & molecular biosci. 7 % 9 % 12 % 16 % 19 % 22 % 24 % 26 % 27 % 20
Agriculture, fisheries & forestry 4 % 6 % 8 % 12 % 16 % 19 % 22 % 26 % 27 % 23
Computer & information sci. 6 % 8 % 7 % 7 % 8 % 14 % 18 % 23 % 27 % 21
Materials science 7 % 8 % 11 % 14 % 18 % 19 % 19 % 25 % 26 % 19
Psychology 3 % 4 % 6 % 9 % 12 % 16 % 20 % 24 % 26 % 23
Chemistry 6 % 8 % 11 % 14 % 17 % 18 % 20 % 24 % 25 % 19
Health sciences 4 % 5 % 7 % 10 % 14 % 16 % 20 % 23 % 25 % 21
Engineering 5 % 6 % 7 % 8 % 9 % 14 % 17 % 22 % 25 % 20
Clinical medicine 4 % 5 % 7 % 10 % 14 % 17 % 19 % 22 % 22 % 18
Social sciences 3 % 4 % 5 % 6 % 9 % 12 % 14 % 18 % 22 % 19
Humanities 1 % 1 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 6 % 8 % 10 % 11 % 10
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