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Contribution of the Open Access Modality to the Impact of Hybrid Journals Controlling by Field and Time Effects

Pablo Dorta-González
Pablo Dorta-González
 y 
María Isabel Dorta-González
María Isabel Dorta-González
   | 25 abr 2022
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Article Category: Research Paper
Publicado en línea: 25 abr 2022
Páginas: 57 - 83
Recibido: 16 nov 2021
Aceptado: 18 feb 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2022-0007
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© 2022 Pablo Dorta-González et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Scatter plot for cites per article in both hybrid modalities. Average across all citation years for the 200 hybrid journals in the sample. Bubble size proportional to OA prevalence.
Scatter plot for cites per article in both hybrid modalities. Average across all citation years for the 200 hybrid journals in the sample. Bubble size proportional to OA prevalence.

Figure 2

Box and whisker plot (without outliers) for the distribution of cites per article by hybrid modality and year of citation. Average in the citation years for the 200 hybrid journals in the sample.
Box and whisker plot (without outliers) for the distribution of cites per article by hybrid modality and year of citation. Average in the citation years for the 200 hybrid journals in the sample.

Figure 3

OA citation advantage in relation to the best CiteScore percentile. We use the term “Best percentile” because a journal may be assigned to several subject fields and have different percentiles in each of them.
OA citation advantage in relation to the best CiteScore percentile. We use the term “Best percentile” because a journal may be assigned to several subject fields and have different percentiles in each of them.

Figure 4

OA citation advantage by subject areas.
OA citation advantage by subject areas.

Figure 5

OA citation advantage along time.
OA citation advantage along time.

Description of the subject areas in the study.

Subject Area Research Articles in 2017
OA Hybrid % Other modalities* % Total
Arts & Humanities 2,821 3.7% 74,458 96.3% 77,279
Economics, Econometrics & Finance 1,097 2.5% 43,376 97.5% 44,473
Medicine 23,243 4.6% 485,260 95.4% 508,503
Physics & Astronomy 6,635 2.7% 237,666 97.3% 244,301
Aggregate Areas 33,796 3.9% 840,760 96.1% 874,556
Scopus database 69,093 3.4% 1,951,700 96.6% 2,020,793
% 48.9% 43.1% 43.3%

Median of the OA citation advantage.

Subject Area Median OA Citation Advantage
2017 2018 2019 2020 2017–2020
Arts & Humanities 38.9% 62.9% 31.8% 44.1% 49.4%
Economics, Econometrics & Finance 41.8% 37.9% 24.2% 45.8% 39.0%
Medicine 29.2% 32.1% 31.5% 28.0% 26.9%
Physics & Astronomy 30.5% 30.0% 30.7% 24.8% 27.9%
Aggregate areas 36.8%

j.jdis-2022-0007.apptab.001

Journal Best CiteScore Percentile 2017 Modality Research Articles 2017 % Cites 2017 Cites 2018 Cites 2019 Cites 2020 Total Cites Cites per Article OA Citation Advantage
Arts and Humanities
Anales de Literatura Hispanoamericana 29 Paywalled 20 43.5% 0 1 0 0 1 0.05 53.8%
OA 26 56.5% 0 0 1 1 2 0.08
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 94 Paywalled 102 90.3% 86 157 202 217 662 6.49 44.3%
OA 11 9.7% 11 27 26 39 103 9.36
Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 56 Paywalled 12 27.9% 0 2 5 6 13 1.08 37.0%
OA 31 72.1% 2 10 14 20 46 1.48
Archaeometry 99 Paywalled 64 88.9% 35 62 85 83 265 4.14 69.1%
OA 8 11.1% 3 21 14 18 56 7.00
Archives of Design Research 16 Paywalled 14 29.2% 0 1 2 1 4 0.29 219.1%
OA 34 70.8% 1 8 12 10 31 0.91
Archives of Sexual Behavior 91 Paywalled 197 94.7% 274 484 692 727 2,177 11.05 20.1%
OA 11 5.3% 10 30 45 61 146 13.27
Artnodes 69 Paywalled 11 47.8% 0 0 3 1 4 0.36 −118.2%
OA 12 52.2% 0 0 1 1 2 0.17
Attention Perception and Psychophysics 94 Paywalled 177 88.9% 61 261 350 363 1,035 5.85 61.7%
OA 22 11.1% 22 52 69 65 208 9.45
Behavior Research Methods 95 Paywalled 132 82.0% 132 416 654 850 2,052 15.55 71.9%
OA 29 18.0% 52 163 225 335 775 26.72
Bioethics 96 Paywalled 59 89.4% 39 109 111 112 371 6.29 61.3%
OA 7 10.6% 11 21 23 16 71 10.14
Biology and Philosophy 96 Paywalled 48 85.7% 21 51 68 100 240 5.00 122.5%
OA 8 14.3% 15 28 25 21 89 11.13
Brain and Cognition 92 Paywalled 96 93.2% 56 205 302 348 911 9.49 116.8%
OA 7 6.8% 26 40 34 44 144 20.57
Brain and Language 98 Paywalled 97 94.2% 62 241 267 310 880 9.07 8.4%
OA 6 5.8% 2 19 18 20 59 9.83
Cognition 99 Paywalled 222 91.0% 173 632 822 889 2,516 11.33 24.3%
OA 22 9.0% 20 82 95 113 310 14.09
Cognition and Emotion 86 Paywalled 141 91.0% 151 318 419 480 1,368 9.70 9.0%
OA 14 9.0% 19 21 43 65 148 10.57
Computers in Human Behavior 97 Paywalled 634 95.6% 715 2,976 5,094 6,609 15,394 24.28 45.9%
OA 29 4.4% 39 207 344 437 1,027 35.41
Contemporary British History 87 Paywalled 19 70.4% 4 3 9 10 26 1.37 146.6%
OA 8 29.6% 5 9 5 8 27 3.38
Cultural and Social History 75 Paywalled 30 81.1% 3 4 4 12 23 0.77 105.0%
OA 7 18.9% 0 3 6 2 11 1.57
Design Journal 35 Paywalled 45 9.9% 5 17 34 39 95 2.11 −12.3%
OA 410 90.1% 3 136 259 373 771 1.88
Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 76 Paywalled 41 69.5% 5 17 27 35 84 2.05 79.0%
OA 18 30.5% 3 12 21 30 66 3.67
Evolution and Human Behavior 96 Paywalled 79 91.9% 90 195 282 353 920 11.65 −35.9%
OA 7 8.1% 6 17 16 21 60 8.57
Gender Place and Culture 97 Paywalled 97 92.4% 30 123 212 276 641 6.61 72.1%
OA 8 7.6% 1 20 20 50 91 11.38
Human Ecology 93 Paywalled 58 85.3% 14 56 107 103 280 4.83 9.8%
OA 10 14.7% 1 12 13 27 53 5.30
International Journal of Audiology 95 Paywalled 107 89.9% 44 151 233 209 637 5.95 −197.7%
OA 12 10.1% 6 20 20 20 24 2.00
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 48 Paywalled 11 57.9% 12 1 10 8 31 2.82 −32.6%
OA 8 42.1% 0 5 8 4 17 2.13
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 98 Paywalled 34 79.1% 6 35 63 56 160 4.71 41.7%
OA 9 20.9% 14 11 17 18 60 6.67
Journal of Archaeological Science 99 Paywalled 105 91.3% 107 275 350 429 1,161 11.06 20.3%
OA 10 8.7% 17 32 44 40 133 13.30
Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 80 Paywalled 379 95.9% 177 545 737 806 2,265 5.98 74.6%
OA 16 4.1% 11 42 49 65 167 10.44
Journal of Business Ethics 97 Paywalled 300 92.6% 345 953 1,772 2,610 5,680 18.93 −23.5%
OA 24 7.4% 27 82 108 151 368 15.33
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 89 Paywalled 124 83.8% 126 213 338 457 1,134 9.15 82.2%
OA 24 16.2% 49 79 103 169 400 16.67
Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability 62 Paywalled 30 78.9% 15 31 34 54 134 4.47 95.9%
OA 8 21.1% 8 17 23 22 70 8.75
Journal of Medical Ethics 90 Paywalled 113 80.1% 82 200 218 221 721 6.38 44.4%
OA 28 19.9% 28 69 70 91 258 9.21
Journal of Memory and Language 98 Paywalled 88 87.1% 97 311 346 428 1,182 13.43 152.6%
OA 13 12.9% 20 98 128 195 441 33.92
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 76 Paywalled 79 87.8% 15 42 54 93 204 2.58 61.9%
OA 11 12.2% 8 12 13 13 46 4.18
Journal of Religion and Health 98 Paywalled 163 93.7% 75 155 215 263 708 4.34 151.2%
OA 11 6.3% 7 34 31 48 120 10.91
Journal of Southern African Studies 59 Paywalled 59 85.5% 9 39 50 46 144 2.44 457.2%
OA 10 14.5% 35 25 31 45 136 13.60
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 71 Paywalled 805 93.2% 322 1,364 1,850 1,642 5,178 6.43 24.6%
OA 59 6.8% 28 120 167 158 473 8.02
Journal of World Prehistory 98 Paywalled 5 41.7% 2 18 20 28 68 13.60 −58.7%
OA 7 58.3% 6 17 16 21 60 8.57
Law and Philosophy 78 Paywalled 12 63.2% 2 12 5 3 22 1.83 375.3%
OA 7 36.8% 0 15 22 24 61 8.71
Medical Humanities 85 Paywalled 81 88.0% 11 23 35 49 118 1.46 268.2%
OA 11 12.0% 11 11 14 23 59 5.36
Memory 75 Paywalled 123 92.5% 69 172 253 251 745 6.06 7.3%
OA 10 7.5% 6 14 27 18 65 6.50
Memory and Cognition 83 Paywalled 93 90.3% 47 149 185 239 620 6.67 53.0%
OA 10 9.7% 12 23 23 44 102 10.20
Neophilologus 63 Paywalled 35 81.4% 1 2 3 11 17 0.49 2.9%
OA 8 18.6% 0 0 1 3 4 0.50
Philosophia United States 63 Paywalled 105 84.7% 9 27 63 60 159 1.51 −43.9%
OA 19 15.3% 0 3 6 11 20 1.05
Philosophical Explorations 79 Paywalled 23 59.0% 4 15 28 35 82 3.57 10.4%
OA 16 41.0% 2 17 22 22 63 3.94
Philosophical Studies 92 Paywalled 162 92.0% 46 113 192 238 589 3.64 −121.3%
OA 14 8.0% 1 7 1 14 23 1.64
Philosophy and Technology 92 Paywalled 14 56.0% 6 17 18 33 74 5.29 268.1%
OA 11 44.0% 17 41 75 81 214 19.45
Political Geography 99 Paywalled 72 83.7% 39 143 233 295 710 9.86 70.9%
OA 14 16.3% 15 51 79 91 236 16.86
Review of Philosophy and Psychology 94 Paywalled 33 80.5% 14 27 42 60 143 4.33 44.2%
OA 8 19.5% 7 18 9 16 50 6.25
Synthese 90 Paywalled 209 88.2% 42 139 203 290 674 3.22 80.5%
OA 28 11.8% 19 38 47 59 163 5.82
Economics, Econometrics & Finance
Applied Economics 47 Paywalled 410 97.9% 98 336 561 752 1,747 4.26 158.2%
OA 9 2.1% 10 21 19 49 99 11.00
Applied Economics Letters 36 Paywalled 307 97.5% 71 157 286 332 846 2.76 −10.2%
OA 8 2.5% 1 7 3 9 20 2.50
Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 83 Paywalled 49 89.1% 21 74 84 114 293 5.98 58.9%
OA 6 10.9% 9 10 22 16 57 9.50
Computational Economics 72 Paywalled 54 91.5% 19 42 66 68 195 3.61 32.9%
OA 5 8.5% 4 7 5 8 24 4.80
Ecological Economics 92 Paywalled 266 92.4% 255 953 1,330 1,654 4,192 15.76 14.8%
OA 22 7.6% 29 96 123 150 398 18.09
Economic Geography 98 Paywalled 15 75.0% 15 64 89 100 268 17.87 73.5%
OA 5 25.0% 7 24 52 72 155 31.00
Economic Journal 91 Paywalled 105 87.5% 99 218 323 422 1,062 10.11 −3.2%
OA 15 12.5% 9 29 49 60 147 9.80
Economic Theory 68 Paywalled 59 86.8% 35 44 53 76 208 3.53 −98.3%
OA 9 13.2% 7 1 3 5 16 1.78
Economics Letters 53 Paywalled 390 95.6% 53 356 761 859 2,029 5.20 −73.4%
OA 18 4.4% 5 11 14 24 54 3.00
Economist Netherlands 43 Paywalled 10 52.6% 8 4 9 5 26 2.60 −290.0%
OA 9 47.4% 4 0 2 0 6 0.67
Empirical Economics 64 Paywalled 126 90.6% 27 133 173 241 574 4.56 −23.4%
OA 13 9.4% 4 4 14 26 48 3.69
Energy Economics 93 Paywalled 342 96.9% 333 1,352 2,193 2,966 6,844 20.01 −53.9%
OA 11 3.1% 8 31 50 54 143 13.00
Environmental and Resource Economics 81 Paywalled 95 84.8% 80 167 279 303 829 8.73 52.3%
OA 17 15.2% 28 49 62 87 226 13.29
European Journal of Health Economics 95 Paywalled 53 65.4% 55 98 130 156 439 8.28 −13.7%
OA 28 34.6% 13 58 49 84 204 7.29
Experimental Economics 94 Paywalled 35 83.3% 16 56 74 71 217 6.20 49.8%
OA 7 16.7% 7 17 25 16 65 9.29
Finance and Stochastics 87 Paywalled 20 62.5% 6 28 32 29 95 4.75 166.7%
OA 12 37.5% 4 26 49 73 152 12.67
Fiscal Studies 82 Paywalled 18 75.0% 11 20 29 47 107 5.94 31.8%
OA 6 25.0% 6 6 13 22 47 7.83
Food Policy 98 Paywalled 79 72.5% 49 203 312 398 962 12.18 142.8%
OA 30 27.5% 60 160 269 398 887 29.57
Forest Policy and Economics 92 Paywalled 148 94.3% 198 447 518 604 1,767 11.94 136.4%
OA 9 5.7% 29 60 87 78 254 28.22
Global Policy 74 Paywalled 126 95.5% 72 123 172 218 585 4.64 215.9%
OA 6 4.5% 12 19 28 29 88 14.67
Globalizations 88 Paywalled 74 91.4% 73 121 146 163 503 6.80 114.4%
OA 7 8.6% 5 25 28 44 102 14.57
Internat Environmental Agreements Politics Law and Economics 91 Paywalled 37 80.4% 31 52 68 68 219 5.92 237.9%
OA 9 19.6% 20 35 61 64 180 20.00
International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 80 Paywalled 43 87.8% 29 83 120 171 403 9.37 63.6%
OA 6 12.2% 2 16 35 39 92 15.33
International Journal of Game Theory 54 Paywalled 47 90.4% 9 31 30 33 103 2.19 −265.2%
OA 5 9.6% 0 1 0 2 3 0.60
International Journal of Production Economics 98 Paywalled 281 96.6% 331 1,284 2,207 2,930 6,752 24.03 81.5%
OA 10 3.4% 7 80 121 228 436 43.60
Journal of Common Market Studies 96 Paywalled 91 94.8% 70 198 256 298 822 9.03 6.3%
OA 5 5.2% 4 15 8 21 48 9.60
Journal of Development Economics 92 Paywalled 65 91.5% 32 138 213 319 702 10.80 49.7%
OA 6 8.5% 4 17 34 42 97 16.17
Journal of Econometrics 82 Paywalled 119 95.2% 67 155 269 403 894 7.51 39.8%
OA 6 4.8% 8 10 15 30 63 10.50
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 75 Paywalled 221 96.5% 53 266 463 635 1,417 6.41 56.0%
OA 8 3.5% 4 18 16 42 80 10.00
Journal of Economic Inequality 86 Paywalled 14 73.7% 2 12 30 29 73 5.21 −37.2%
OA 5 26.3% 4 2 5 8 19 3.80
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 90 Paywalled 71 91.0% 85 259 392 571 1,307 18.41 −23.9%
OA 7 9.0% 11 27 35 31 104 14.86
Journal of International Economics 90 Paywalled 81 87.1% 30 142 225 349 746 9.21 109.9%
OA 12 12.9% 9 38 71 114 232 19.33
Journal of International Money and Finance 88 Paywalled 116 95.9% 52 187 316 499 1,054 9.09 21.1%
OA 5 4.1% 5 7 16 27 55 11.00
Journal of Public Economics 89 Paywalled 113 95.0% 47 184 333 449 1,013 8.96 45.0%
OA 6 5.0% 7 15 18 38 78 13.00
Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 82 Paywalled 11 52.4% 1 17 26 22 66 6.00 38.3%
OA 10 47.6% 0 18 27 38 83 8.30
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 99 Paywalled 45 90.0% 125 320 663 1,045 2,153 47.84 20.0%
OA 5 10.0% 13 41 84 149 287 57.40
Journal of the European Economic Association 98 Paywalled 31 86.1% 24 69 144 201 438 14.13 −13.9%
OA 5 13.9% 1 16 18 27 62 12.40
Labour Economics 69 Paywalled 78 92.9% 31 80 150 247 508 6.51 15.2%
OA 6 7.1% 3 7 15 20 45 7.50
Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 52 Paywalled 21 80.8% 2 9 22 22 55 2.62 37.5%
OA 5 19.2% 3 2 2 11 18 3.60
Marine Policy 96 Paywalled 304 90.2% 158 689 964 1,022 2,833 9.32 171.2%
OA 33 9.8% 47 204 266 317 834 25.27
Public Choice 71 Paywalled 60 84.5% 14 36 57 83 190 3.17 37.8%
OA 11 15.5% 2 8 18 20 48 4.36
Quantitative Finance 87 Paywalled 109 95.6% 36 123 175 209 543 4.98 56.6%
OA 5 4.4% 4 7 14 14 39 7.80
Resources Policy 96 Paywalled 121 92.4% 88 369 594 755 1,806 14.93 60.1%
OA 10 7.6% 8 46 94 91 239 23.90
Review of Income and Wealth 72 Paywalled 56 88.9% 19 58 91 84 252 4.50 166.7%
OA 7 11.1% 3 15 27 39 84 12.00
Review of International Political Economy 99 Paywalled 27 79.4% 9 42 73 99 223 8.26 86.8%
OA 7 20.6% 14 20 32 42 108 15.43
Small Business Economics 96 Paywalled 80 80.8% 54 200 479 623 1,356 16.95 36.6%
OA 19 19.2% 19 64 141 216 440 23.16
Social Choice and Welfare 54 Paywalled 64 87.7% 29 56 79 72 236 3.69 228.4%
OA 9 12.3% 14 23 29 43 109 12.11
Technological and Economic Development of Economy 93 Paywalled 22 48.9% 27 63 82 76 248 11.27 −36.5%
OA 23 51.1% 24 54 57 55 190 8.26
Theory and Decision 70 Paywalled 50 83.3% 6 18 44 61 129 2.58 24.0%
OA 10 16.7% 1 7 10 14 32 3.20
World Development 97 Paywalled 252 88.1% 203 746 1,180 1,591 3,720 14.76 74.1%
OA 34 11.9% 35 185 266 388 874 25.71
Medicine
Advances in Therapy 67 Paywalled 51 38.6% 26 111 113 133 383 7.51 66.4%
OA 81 61.4% 68 254 358 332 1,012 12.49
American Journal of Cardiology 82 Paywalled 626 94.0% 339 1,521 1,853 1,857 5,570 8.90 64.9%
OA 40 6.0% 47 158 202 180 587 14.68
American Journal of Preventive Medicine 97 Paywalled 237 79.5% 250 745 1,054 1,190 3,239 13.67 18.4%
OA 61 20.5% 56 198 332 401 987 16.18
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66 Paywalled 414 83.6% 156 678 869 1,022 2,725 6.58 73.3%
OA 81 16.4% 59 231 286 348 924 11.41
Annals of Oncology 98 Paywalled 244 82.4% 572 2,345 3,436 4,319 10,672 43.74 10.1%
OA 52 17.6% 183 656 875 791 2,505 48.17
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 99 Paywalled 179 66.8% 917 2,359 3,031 3,113 9,420 52.63 1.9%
OA 89 33.2% 593 1,378 1,364 1,437 4,772 53.62
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 92 Paywalled 751 85.2% 821 3,242 4,134 4,284 12,481 16.62 31.7%
OA 130 14.8% 200 787 937 921 2,845 21.88
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 93 Paywalled 47 30.7% 14 62 123 155 354 7.53 −6.9%
OA 106 69.3% 26 163 245 313 747 7.05
BMJ Online 98 Paywalled 186 59.6% 172 439 557 542 1,710 9.19 575.7%
OA 126 40.4% 487 1,836 2,410 3,094 7,827 62.12
Brain 98 Paywalled 178 74.8% 376 1,512 2,020 2,203 6,111 34.33 21.6%
OA 60 25.2% 173 642 781 908 2,504 41.73
Brain Structure and Function 93 Paywalled 200 78.1% 290 676 756 827 2,549 12.75 −4.5%
OA 56 21.9% 67 182 210 224 683 12.20
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 77 Paywalled 298 83.0% 251 810 1,110 1,220 3,391 11.38 39.7%
OA 61 17.0% 50 244 312 364 970 15.90
British Journal of Dermatology 97 Paywalled 219 84.2% 473 833 994 1,059 3,359 15.34 94.8%
OA 41 15.8% 133 317 358 417 1,225 29.88
Cancer Science 76 Paywalled 103 40.4% 26 307 456 527 1,316 12.78 25.6%
OA 152 59.6% 184 646 765 845 2,440 16.05
Cell Systems 91 Paywalled 51 54.8% 49 233 367 437 1,086 21.29 48.3%
OA 42 45.2% 90 298 434 504 1,326 31.57
Clinical Infectious Diseases 97 Paywalled 427 80.4% 842 2,640 3,269 3,264 10,015 23.45 −9.9%
OA 104 19.6% 254 540 715 710 2,219 21.34
Clinical Therapeutics 80 Paywalled 110 72.8% 98 191 273 294 856 7.78 27.3%
OA 41 27.2% 25 96 140 145 406 9.90
Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism 95 Paywalled 145 71.8% 285 815 911 918 2,929 20.20 18.9%
OA 57 28.2% 164 407 401 397 1,369 24.02
European Heart Journal 99 Paywalled 299 86.7% 1,035 2,633 3,219 3,599 10,486 35.07 85.6%
OA 46 13.3% 302 769 925 998 2,994 65.09
European Radiology 91 Paywalled 485 84.8% 568 1,784 2,014 2,111 6,477 13.35 48.3%
OA 87 15.2% 132 448 546 597 1,723 19.80
Health Policy and Planning 87 Paywalled 116 70.7% 90 200 292 448 1,030 8.88 18.0%
OA 48 29.3% 47 108 169 179 503 10.48
Human Brain Mapping 96 Paywalled 377 90.4% 384 1,402 1,876 2,061 5,723 15.18 113.1%
OA 40 9.6% 76 289 434 495 1,294 32.35
Human Molecular Genetics 91 Paywalled 322 80.7% 283 1,219 1,592 1,853 4,947 15.36 14.7%
OA 77 19.3% 84 345 464 464 1,357 17.62
Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 57 Paywalled 211 75.6% 93 385 485 564 1,527 7.24 23.1%
OA 68 24.4% 37 150 202 217 606 8.91
Infection and Immunity 85 Paywalled 240 86.0% 207 687 868 915 2,677 11.15 2.1%
OA 39 14.0% 43 98 150 153 444 11.38
International Journal of Cancer 93 Paywalled 430 90.0% 578 1,880 2,275 2,441 7,174 16.68 65.2%
OA 48 10.0% 67 341 420 495 1,323 27.56
International Journal of Cardiology 69 Paywalled 1104 94.6% 1,024 2,893 3,223 3,478 10,618 9.62 51.3%
OA 63 5.4% 89 220 273 335 917 14.56
International Journal of Epidemiology 90 Paywalled 176 72.1% 291 820 1,270 1,500 3,881 22.05 91.7%
OA 68 27.9% 187 575 893 1,220 2,875 42.28
International Journal of Oncology 74 Paywalled 273 69.5% 195 750 890 1,094 2,929 10.73 39.6%
OA 120 30.5% 102 427 595 673 1,797 14.98
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 93 Paywalled 394 85.3% 1,241 2,946 3,189 3,393 10,769 27.33 17.2%
OA 68 14.7% 276 582 654 667 2,179 32.04
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 95 Paywalled 439 89.8% 612 1,878 2,326 2,393 7,209 16.42 47.6%
OA 50 10.2% 75 288 438 411 1,212 24.24
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99 Paywalled 407 88.9% 438 1,987 2,582 2,746 7,753 19.05 −3.2%
OA 51 11.1% 40 249 324 328 941 18.45
Journal of Clinical Microbiology 86 Paywalled 269 81.0% 291 1,199 1,491 1,486 4,467 16.61 8.0%
OA 63 19.0% 94 342 371 323 1,130 17.94
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 94 Paywalled 95 66.9% 58 239 355 402 1,054 11.09 49.4%
OA 47 33.1% 46 180 232 321 779 16.57
Journal of Infectious Diseases 95 Paywalled 369 76.9% 508 1,648 2,129 2,246 6,531 17.70 −20.1%
OA 111 23.1% 162 427 527 520 1,636 14.74
Journal of Investigative Dermatology 98 Paywalled 280 87.2% 418 1,043 1,319 1,479 4,259 15.21 11.6%
OA 41 12.8% 54 196 199 247 696 16.98
Journal of Neurology 84 Paywalled 204 82.6% 188 591 767 921 2,467 12.09 27.9%
OA 43 17.4% 45 155 216 249 665 15.47
Journal of the American College of Cardiology 99 Paywalled 235 85.1% 1,184 4,061 4,837 5,286 15,368 65.40 48.3%
OA 41 14.9% 292 1,045 1,159 1,479 3,975 96.95
Lancet 99 Paywalled 137 72.9% 1,904 6,006 7,701 8,435 24,046 175.52 96.0%
OA 51 27.1% 829 3,994 5,907 6,819 17,549 344.10
Leukemia 97 Paywalled 191 78.3% 602 1,305 1,346 1,473 4,726 24.74 47.5%
OA 53 21.7% 202 529 603 600 1,934 36.49
Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 92 Paywalled 419 88.4% 597 1,443 1,677 1,617 5,334 12.73 17.1%
OA 55 11.6% 104 228 243 245 820 14.91
Molecular Medicine Reports 39 Paywalled 904 49.7% 199 1,197 1,646 2,150 5,192 5.74 26.0%
OA 915 50.3% 250 1,508 2,232 2,634 6,624 7.24
Molecular Psychiatry 99 Paywalled 113 70.6% 397 862 1,041 1,136 3,436 30.41 63.9%
OA 47 29.4% 283 592 714 754 2,343 49.85
Oncology Reports 65 Paywalled 609 74.4% 431 1,595 2,104 2,555 6,685 10.98 21.0%
OA 210 25.6% 108 656 917 1,108 2,789 13.28
Pharmaceutical Biology 79 Paywalled 224 81.2% 161 549 718 879 2,307 10.30 −4.8%
OA 52 18.8% 56 134 157 164 511 9.83
Psychological Medicine 97 Paywalled 176 81.9% 204 664 938 1,166 2,972 16.89 26.6%
OA 39 18.1% 41 210 253 330 834 21.38
Quality of Life Research 86 Paywalled 240 85.1% 116 424 662 764 1,966 8.19 6.4%
OA 42 14.9% 16 64 118 168 366 8.71
Supportive Care in Cancer 61 Paywalled 333 88.6% 240 779 948 1189 3,156 9.48 9.4%
OA 43 11.4% 31 97 139 179 446 10.37
Surgical Endoscopy 91 Paywalled 604 92.9% 494 1,680 2,017 2,638 6,829 11.31 30.6%
OA 46 7.1% 51 170 185 273 679 14.76
Vaccine 99 Paywalled 631 73.4% 366 1,512 1,853 2,001 5,732 9.08 38.8%
OA 229 26.6% 198 811 937 942 2,888 12.61
Physics and Astronomy
2d Materials 95 Paywalled 244 82.4% 552 1,486 1,764 1,881 5,683 23.29 39.0%
OA 52 17.6% 155 463 548 517 1,683 32.37
ACS Nano 99 Paywalled 1228 95.1% 2,938 15,752 20,346 20,317 59,353 48.33 −42.5%
OA 63 4.9% 108 514 738 777 2,137 33.92
ACS Photonics 95 Paywalled 371 95.4% 525 2,393 2,864 2,797 8,579 23.12 3.1%
OA 18 4.6% 14 119 153 143 429 23.83
Advanced Functional Materials 97 Paywalled 779 96.9% 2,219 11,199 14,744 14,737 42,899 55.07 −46.3%
OA 25 3.1% 56 241 304 340 941 37.64
Advanced Optical Materials 95 Paywalled 288 94.7% 402 1,814 2,404 2,444 7,064 24.53 −7.8%
OA 16 5.3% 30 103 121 110 364 22.75
Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics 78 Paywalled 248 86.4% 131 444 519 435 1,529 6.17 71.8%
OA 39 13.6% 43 120 129 121 413 10.59
Applied Physics Express 92 Paywalled 310 89.6% 230 909 1,146 1,048 3,333 10.75 −15.5%
OA 36 10.4% 26 90 115 104 335 9.31
Astronomical Journal 78 Paywalled 516 96.8% 781 2,803 2,558 2,392 8,534 16.54 52.9%
OA 17 3.2% 23 103 143 161 430 25.29
Astrophysical Journal Letters 93 Paywalled 513 94.6% 1,167 4,133 4,504 3,953 13,757 26.82 307.5%
OA 29 5.4% 163 972 1,137 897 3,169 109.28
Chaos 86 Paywalled 349 94.3% 293 1,007 1,258 1,138 3,696 10.59 −18.3%
OA 21 5.7% 18 47 63 60 188 8.95
Chinese Physics C 98 Paywalled 163 74.1% 145 455 513 583 1,696 10.40 −31.2%
OA 57 25.9% 64 147 124 117 452 7.93
Communications in Mathematical Physics 99 Paywalled 235 89.4% 208 504 593 696 2,001 8.51 27.5%
OA 28 10.6% 28 84 88 104 304 10.86
European Physical Journal B 52 Paywalled 235 91.8% 64 290 312 310 976 4.15 44.5%
OA 21 8.2% 14 35 43 34 126 6.00
European Physical Journal D 47 Paywalled 301 91.8% 153 400 389 370 1,312 4.36 −9.0%
OA 27 8.2% 18 37 31 22 108 4.00
Experiments in Fluids 92 Paywalled 136 82.9% 50 283 431 419 1,183 8.70 33.8%
OA 28 17.1% 23 90 95 118 326 11.64
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 76 Paywalled 681 96.3% 212 1,035 1,009 971 3,227 4.74 43.7%
OA 26 3.7% 13 47 60 57 177 6.81
Journal of Chemical Physics 88 Paywalled 1952 97.0% 1,490 5,331 5,794 5,381 17,996 9.22 35.4%
OA 60 3.0% 55 211 241 242 749 12.48
Journal of Computational Physics 85 Paywalled 684 95.3% 430 1,807 2,748 2,816 7,801 11.40 16.0%
OA 34 4.7% 29 110 152 159 450 13.24
Journal of Fluid Mechanics 89 Paywalled 736 93.3% 568 2,083 3,053 3,211 8,915 12.11 16.5%
OA 53 6.7% 53 201 261 233 748 14.11
Journal of Instrumentation 68 Paywalled 353 82.5% 124 483 542 492 1,641 4.65 327.6%
OA 75 17.5% 148 494 489 360 1,491 19.88
Journal of Magnetic Resonance 83 Paywalled 183 90.6% 135 462 508 411 1,516 8.28 72.2%
OA 19 9.4% 13 66 98 94 271 14.26
Journal of Nanoparticle Research 80 Paywalled 372 94.9% 119 593 812 733 2,257 6.07 157.1%
OA 20 5.1% 9 62 116 125 312 15.60
Journal of Nuclear Materials 87 Paywalled 531 96.4% 266 1,302 1,552 1,604 4,724 8.90 19.7%
OA 20 3.6% 13 49 76 75 213 10.65
Journal of Optics United Kingdom 70 Paywalled 336 91.8% 204 717 807 720 2,448 7.29 −1.7%
OA 30 8.2% 23 69 61 62 215 7.17
Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical 91 Paywalled 630 97.4% 546 1,199 1,203 1,153 4,101 6.51 28.3%
OA 17 2.6% 12 51 36 43 142 8.35
Journal of Physics Condensed Matter 80 Paywalled 770 96.4% 454 1,589 1,925 2,198 6,166 8.01 16.3%
OA 29 3.6% 28 81 90 71 270 9.31
Journal of Physics D Applied Physics 83 Paywalled 1095 94.4% 685 2,525 3,043 2,890 9,143 8.35 51.3%
OA 65 5.6% 80 229 250 262 821 12.63
Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics 87 Paywalled 129 80.6% 115 336 281 317 1,049 8.13 15.4%
OA 31 19.4% 16 55 99 121 291 9.39
Journal of Quant Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 84 Paywalled 391 95.6% 503 1,097 1,090 1,149 3,839 9.82 685.9%
OA 18 4.4% 54 309 472 554 1,389 77.17
Journal of Statistical Physics 73 Paywalled 229 92.3% 94 323 366 379 1,162 5.07 16.2%
OA 19 7.7% 18 32 25 37 112 5.89
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 95 Paywalled 76 69.1% 36 124 121 156 437 5.75 74.4%
OA 34 30.9% 36 87 106 112 341 10.03
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 71 Paywalled 805 93.2% 322 1,364 1,850 1,642 5,178 6.43 24.6%
OA 59 6.8% 28 120 167 158 473 8.02
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 63 Paywalled 369 87.0% 152 481 508 390 1,531 4.15 89.3%
OA 55 13.0% 27 149 144 112 432 7.85
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 70 Paywalled 793 93.3% 467 1,841 1,954 2,099 6,361 8.02 9.8%
OA 57 6.7% 40 145 161 156 502 8.81
Measurement Science and Technology 77 Paywalled 460 95.2% 227 803 967 937 2,934 6.38 29.5%
OA 23 4.8% 17 56 64 53 190 8.26
Nano Letters 99 Paywalled 1086 96.1% 2,637 12,267 14,875 14,776 44,555 41.03 −61.2%
OA 44 3.9% 64 337 367 352 1,120 25.45
Nuclear Fusion 87 Paywalled 467 91.4% 637 1,663 1,723 1,518 5,541 11.87 84.8%
OA 44 8.6% 87 270 295 313 965 21.93
Nuclear Physics A 75 Paywalled 144 41.9% 192 332 337 329 1,190 8.26 −119.2%
OA 200 58.1% 47 281 242 184 754 3.77
Optical and Quantum Electronics 52 Paywalled 397 94.1% 217 821 787 799 2,624 6.61 −53.0%
OA 25 5.9% 18 33 37 20 108 4.32
Optical Engineering 74 Paywalled 616 88.3% 165 650 830 721 2,366 3.84 105.4%
OA 82 11.7% 61 165 209 212 647 7.89
Physical Review Applied 91 Paywalled 402 95.7% 403 1,733 2,041 2,058 6,235 15.51 −71.3%
OA 18 4.3% 9 50 60 44 163 9.06
Physical Review C 89 Paywalled 1008 96.9% 983 3,151 3,145 3,109 10,388 10.31 33.7%
OA 32 3.1% 45 145 133 118 441 13.78
Physics of Fluids 74 Paywalled 600 97.2% 260 1,500 2,365 2,117 6,242 10.40 18.2%
OA 17 2.8% 9 46 88 66 209 12.29
Physics of Plasmas 69 Paywalled 1317 96.3% 720 2,414 2,491 2,375 8,000 6.07 97.2%
OA 51 3.7% 35 176 203 197 611 11.98
Quantum Information Processing 79 Paywalled 294 93.9% 154 593 921 813 2,481 8.44 −51.3%
OA 19 6.1% 10 22 34 40 106 5.58
Review of Scientific Instruments 68 Paywalled 832 94.2% 271 1,256 1,499 1,509 4,535 5.45 54.3%
OA 51 5.8% 35 101 143 150 429 8.41
Soft Matter 93 Paywalled 2335 95.6% 591 2,256 2,645 2,638 8,130 3.48 247.3%
OA 107 4.4% 105 379 408 402 1,294 12.09
Solar Physics 74 Paywalled 166 87.4% 131 370 406 412 1,319 7.95 41.1%
OA 24 12.6% 30 90 78 71 269 11.21
Superconductor Science and Technology 90 Paywalled 259 93.5% 215 590 806 738 2,349 9.07 18.8%
OA 18 6.5% 13 48 56 77 194 10.78
Ultramicroscopy 89 Paywalled 209 92.5% 156 453 492 451 1,552 7.43 172.5%
OA 17 7.5% 33 84 112 115 344 20.24

Number of journals with OA citation advantage.

Subject Area Number of Journals with OA Citation Advantage
2017 2018 2019 2020 2017–2020
Arts & Humanities 33 66% 41 82% 40 80% 39 78% 41 82%
Economics, Econometrics & Finance 35 70% 38 76% 34 68% 40 80% 37 74%
Medicine 39 78% 43 86% 44 88% 40 80% 44 88%
Physics & Astronomy 38 76% 38 76% 35 70% 36 72% 37 74%
Aggregate areas 145 73% 160 80% 153 77% 155 78% 159 80%

Mean of the OA citation advantage.

Subject Area Mean OA Citation Advantage
2017 2018 2019 2020 2017–2020
Arts & Humanities 110.6% 102.8% 34.4% 82.5% 62.4%
Economics, Econometrics & Finance 83.9% 28.4% 28.8% 64.1% 41.4%
Medicine 41.7% 43.5% 44.7% 47.4% 44.3%
Physics & Astronomy 41.4% 48.6% 57.0% 56.3% 53.1%
Aggregate areas 50.3%

Representativeness of the sample.

Subject Area Research Articles in Hybrid Journals in 2017
Sample Population Sample %
OA Hybrid Paywalled OA Hybrid OA Hybrid
Arts & Humanities 1,151 5,759 2,821 40.8%
Economics, Econometrics & Finance 541 5,411 1,097 49.3%
Medicine 4,381 15,772 23,243 18.8%
Physics & Astronomy 1,970 27,623 6,635 29.7%
Total 8,043 54,565 33,796 23.8%

Pearson's linear correlation coefficient.

Best CiteScore Percentile 2017 Research Articles 2017 OA Prevalence OA Cites per Article Paywalled Cites per Article
Arts & Humanities
Best CiteScore Percentile 2017 1.00 0.03 −0.69 0.50 0.57
Research Articles 2017 0.03 1.00 −0.21 0.30 0.42
OA Prevalence −0.69 −0.21 1.00 −0.39 −0.40
OA Cites per Article 0.50 0.30 −0.39 1.00 0.81
Paywalled Cites per Article 0.57 0.42 −0.40 0.81 1.00
Economics, Econometrics & Finance
Best CiteScore Percentile 2017 1.00 −0.16 0.07 0.60 0.57
Research Articles 2017 −0.16 1.00 −0.52 0.13 0.11
OA Prevalence 0.07 −0.52 1.00 −0.14 −0.12
OA Cites per Article 0.60 0.13 −0.14 1.00 0.85
Paywalled Cites per Article 0.57 0.11 −0.12 0.85 1.00
Medicine
Best CiteScore Percentile 2017 1.00 −0.48 −0.22 0.29 0.34
Research Articles 2017 −0.48 1.00 −0.14 −0.18 −0.20
OA Prevalence −0.22 −0.14 1.00 0.01 −0.02
OA Cites per Article 0.29 −0.18 0.01 1.00 0.97
Paywalled Cites per Article 0.34 −0.20 −0.02 0.97 1.00
Physics & Astronomy
Best CiteScore Percentile 2017 1.00 0.12 0.00 0.33 0.52
Research Articles 2017 0.12 1.00 −0.35 0.03 0.15
OA Prevalence 0.00 −0.35 1.00 −0.17 −0.17
OA Cites per Article 0.33 0.03 −0.17 1.00 0.49
Paywalled Cites per Article 0.52 0.15 −0.17 0.49 1.00
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