This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Preeclampsia. Lancet. 2010;376:631-644. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60279-6.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges and Perspectives. Circ Res. 2019;124:1094-1112. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Antza C, Cifkova R, Kotsis V. Hypertensive complications of pregnancy: A clinical overview. Metabolism. 2018;86:102-111. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.011.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:291-310. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.05.004.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:S1-S22. doi: 10.1067/mob.2000.107928.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jung E, Romero R, Yeo L, et al. The etiology of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:S844-S866. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.1356.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhou CC, Zhang Y, Irani RA, et al. Angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies induce pre- eclampsia in pregnant mice. Nat Med. 2008;14:855-862. doi: 10.1038/nm.1856.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Harmon AC, Cornelius DC, Amaral LM, et al. The role of inflammation in the pathology of preeclampsia. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130:409–419. doi:10.1042/CS20150702.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Roberts JM, Hubel CA. The two stage model of preeclampsia: variations on the theme. Placenta. 2009;30:S32-S37. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.009.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vishnyakova P, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Sukhikh G. Role of the monocyte- macrophage system in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:3695. doi: 10.3390/ijms20153695.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Michalczyk M, Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Woźniakowska-Gondek P, Rzepka R. The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:3864941. doi: 10.1155/2020/3864941.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kalagiri RR, Carder T, Choudhury S, et al. Inflammation in Complicated Pregnancy and Its Outcome. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33:1337-1356. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1582397.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lamarca B, Speed J, Ray LF, et al. Hypertension in response to IL-6 during pregnancy: role of AT1-receptor activation. Int J Interferon Cytokine Mediat Res. 2011;2011:65-70. doi: 10.2147/IJICMR.S22329.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Stødle GS, Silva GB, Tangerås LH, et al. Placental inflammation in pre-eclampsia by Nod-like receptor protein (NLRP)3 inflammasome activation in trophoblasts. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018;193:84-94. doi: 10.1111/cei.13130.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vince GS, Starkey PM, Austgulen R, Kwiatkowski D, Redman CWG. Interleukin-6, tumor-necrosis-factor and soluble tumor-necrosis-factor receptors in women with preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:20-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09020.x.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dusse LM, Rios DR, Pinheiro MB, Cooper AJ, Lwaleed BA. Preeclampsia: relationship between coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:17-21. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.030.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Conrad KP, Benyo DF. Placental cytokines and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1997;37:240-249. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00222.x.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Brewer J, Liu R, Lu Y, et al. Endothelin-1, oxidative stress, and endogenous angiotensin II: mechanisms of angiotensin II type I receptor autoantibody-enhanced renal and blood pressure response during pregnancy. Hypertension. 2013.;62:886-892. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01648.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lamarca B, Brewer J, Wallace K. IL-6-induced pathophysiology during pre-eclampsia: potential therapeutic role for magnesium sulfate? Int J Interferon Cytokine Mediat Res. 2011;2011:59-64. doi: 10.2147/IJICMR.S16320.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ramma W, Ahmed A. Is inflammation the cause of preeclampsia? Biochem Soc Trans. 2011;39:1619-1627. doi: 10.1042/BST20110672.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:499-506. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70239-5.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Germain SJ, Sacks GP, Sooranna SR, Sargent IL, Redman CW. Systemic inflammatory priming in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia: the role of circulating syncytiotrophoblast microparticles. J Immunol. 2007;178:5949-5956. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5949.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mihu D, Razvan C, Malutan A, Mihaela C. Evaluation of maternal systemic inflammatory response in preeclampsia. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;54:160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2014.03.006.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Greer IA, Lyall F, Perera T, Boswell F, Macara LM. Increased concentrations of cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in plasma of women with preeclampsia: a mechanism for endothelial dysfunction? Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;84:937-940.Search in Google Scholar
Olusi SO, Diejomaoh M, Omu A, Abdulaziz A, Prabha K, George S. Interleukins in preeclampsia. Ann Saudi Med. 2000;20:4-7. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2000.4.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Myatt L. The prediction of preeclampsia: the way forward. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:S1102-S1107.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.047.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Possomato-Vieira JS, Khalil RA. Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Adv Pharmacol. 2016;77:361-431. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.008.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Szpera-Gozdziewicz A, Breborowicz GH. Endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2014;19:734-746. doi: 10.2741/4240.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tomimatsu T, Mimura K, Matsuzaki S, Endo M, Kumasawa K, Kimura T. Preeclampsia: Maternal Systemic Vascular Disorder Caused by Generalized Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Placental Antiangiogenic Factors. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:4246. doi: 10.3390/ijms20174246.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lai J, Romero R, Tarca AL, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent development of preeclampsia and preterm birth: evidence of a dose-response relationship supporting causality. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;225:689-693.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.020.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sandvik MK, Leirgul E, Nygard O, et al. Preeclampsia in healthy women and endothelial dysfunction 10 years later. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209:569.e1-569.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.024.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Yagel S, Cohen SM, Goldman-Wohl D. An integrated model of preeclampsia: a multifaceted syndrome of the maternal cardiovascular-placental-fetal array. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:S963-S972. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.023.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Brennan LJ, Morton JS, Davidge ST. Vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Microcirculation. 2014;21:4-14. doi: 10.1111/micc.12079.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Luppi P, Tse H, Lain KY, Markovic N, Piganelli JD, DeLoia JA. Preeclampsia activates circulating immune cells with engagement of the NF-kappaB pathway. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006;56:135-144. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00386.x.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Thilaganathan B, Kalafat E. Cardiovascular System in Preeclampsia and Beyond. Hypertension. 2019;73:522-531. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11191.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Boeldt DS, Bird IM. Vascular adaptation in pregnancy and endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. J Endocrinol. 2017;232:R27-R44. doi: 10.1530/JOE-16-0340.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Neerukonda S, Shariati F, Hart T, Stewart M, Elkayam U, Qamruddin S. Cardiovascular effects of preeclampsia. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020;35:357-359. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000756.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lisowska M, Pietrucha T, Sakowicz A. Preeclampsia and Related Cardiovascular Risk: Common Genetic Background. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20:71. doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0869-8.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Orabona R, Sciatti E, Prefumo F, et al. Pre-eclampsia and heart failure: a close relationship. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;52:297-301. doi: 10.1002/uog.18987.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Moors S, van Oostrum NHM, Rabotti C, et al. Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2020;75:497-509. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000811.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Orabona R, Vizzardi E, Sciatti E, et al. Insights into cardiac alterations after pre-eclampsia: an echocardiographic study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49:124-133. doi: 10.1002/uog.15983.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Geyer H, Caracciolo G, Abe H, et al. Assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography: fundamentals and clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:351-369; quiz 453-5. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.02.015.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Shahul S, Rhee J, Hacker MR, et al. Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in preeclamptic women with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a 2D speckle-tracking imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:734-739. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973818.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Liu W, Li Y, Wang W, Li J, Cong J. Layer-specific longitudinal strain analysis by speckle tracking echocardiography in women with early and late onset preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019;17:172-177. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.06.001.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mostafavi A, Tase Zar Y, Nikdoust F, Tabatabaei SA. Comparison of left ventricular systolic function by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography between normal pregnant women and pregnant women with preeclampsia. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2019;11:309-313. doi: 10.15171/jcvtr.2019.50.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Paudel A, Tigen K, Yoldemir T, et al. The evaluation of ventricular functions by speckle tracking echocardiography in preeclamptic patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;36:1689-1694. doi: 10.1007/s10554-020-01872-y.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Buddeberg BS, Sharma R, O’Driscoll JM, Kaelin Agten A, Khalil A, Thilaganathan B. Cardiac maladaptation in term pregnancies with preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:198-203. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.015.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ajmi H, Abid D, Milouchi S, et al. Interest of speckle tracking in the detection of cardiac involvement in pregnant women with hypertensive disorder. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;11:136-141. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2017.10.008.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tranquilli A, Corradetti A, Giannubilo S, Landi B, Orici F, Emanuelli M. Placental Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia and Hellp Syndrome. Current Women’s Health Reviews. 2008;4:280-285. doi: 10.2174/157340408786848241.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Fan DM, Wang Y, Liu XL, Zhang A, Xu Q. Polymorphisms in interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 may be associated with risk of preeclampsia. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16. doi:10.4238/gmr16018588.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Taylor BD, Tang G, Ness RB, et al. Mid-pregnancy circulating immune biomarkers in women with preeclampsia and normotensive controls. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2016;6:72-78. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2015.11.002.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tosun M, Celik H, Avci B, Yavuz E, Alper T, Malatyalioğlu E. Maternal and umbilical serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23:880-886. doi: 10.3109/14767051003774942.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sharma A, Satyam A, Sharma JB. Leptin, IL-10 and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8) in pre-eclamptic, normotensive pregnant and healthy non-pregnant women. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2007;58:21-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00486.x.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vural P, Degirmencioglu S, Saral NY, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 polymorphisms in preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36:64-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2009.01111.x.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mtali YS, Lyimo MA, Luzzatto L, Massawe SN. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with an inflammatory state: evidence from hematological findings and cytokine levels. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:237. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2383-7.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Freeman DJ, McManus F, Brown EA, et al. Short- and Long-Term Changes in Plasma Inflammatory Markers Associated With Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2004;44:708-714. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000143849.67254.ca.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Xiao JP, Yin YX, Gao YF, et al. The increased maternal serum levels of IL-6 are associated with the severity and onset of preeclampsia. Cytokine. 2012;60:856-860. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.07.039.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rezavand N, Vaisi-Raygani A, Vaisi F, et al. Comparison of Serum Vitamin D and Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients with Preeclampsia and Healthy Pregnant Women. Medical Laboratory Journal. 2016;10:12-17. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.mlj.10.4.12.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Afshari JT, Ghomian N, Shameli A, et al. Determination of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha concentrations in Iranian-Khorasanian patients with preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005;5:14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-5-14.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Stonek F, Hafner E, Metzenbauer M, et al. Absence of an association of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha G308A, interleukin-6 (IL-6) G174C and interleukin-10 (IL-10) G1082A polymorphism in women with preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol. 2008;77:85-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.04.003.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Luppi P, DeLoia JA. Monocytes of preeclamptic women spontaneously synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines. Clin Immunol. 2006;118:268-275. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.11.001.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mihu D, Costin N, Blaga LD, Ciuchina S, Pop RB. Implication of Tumor Necrosis Factor - Alpha in Preeclampsia. Applied Medical Informatics. 2008;3-4:11-18.Search in Google Scholar
Lau SY, Guild SJ, Barrett CJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 levels are altered in preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013;70:412-427. doi: 10.1111/aji.12138.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nath MC, Cubro H, McCormick DJ, Milic NM, Garovic VD. Preeclamptic Women Have Decreased Circulating IL-10 (Interleukin-10) Values at the Time of Preeclampsia Diagnosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hypertension. 2020;76:1817-1827. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15870.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar