Understanding the Difficulties in Diagnosing Neonatal Sepsis: Assessing the Role of Sepsis Biomarkers

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Comparing the second values (at 24 hours after onset) using the two-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test_ Presented are the p-values_

Variables	EOS vs Control (p-value)	LOS vs Control (p-value)	EOS vs LOS (p-value)
CRP	0.0015	0.000005	0.00001
Procalcitonin	0.00005	0.00001	0.741
Leukocyte	0.4655	0.254	0.926
Neutrophils	0.00001	0.000001	0.668
Platelets	0.0076	0.0008	0.956
LDH	0.0009	0.0006	0.130
Ferritin	0.00001	0.000001	0.063

Comparing the first and last measured values for continuous variables using the two-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test_ Presented are the p-values_

Variables	EOS (p-value)	LOS (p-value)	Control (p-value)
CRP	0.787	0.798	0.029
Procalcitonin	0.081	0.934	0.739
Leukocyte	0.740	0.214	0.002
Neutrophils	0.245	0.942	0.144
Platelets	0.342	0.364	0.00001
LDH	0.006	0.00001	0.061
Ferritin	0.0002	0.0038	0.529

Descriptive statistics for patients with confirmed culture results_

Variables	EOS	LOS	Overall
Negative blood culture	17 (48.57%)	4 (10.25%)	21
Positive blood culture	18 (51.43%)	35 (89.75%)	53
Microorganism for BC+ (positive blood culture)
Klebsiella spp	8 (44.4%)	15 (42.85%)	23
Escherichia coli	5 (27.78%)	4 (11.42%)	9
Staphyloccocus aureus	2 (11.12%)	2 (5.71%)	4
Enterobacter	1 (5.55%)	2 (5.71%)	3
Serratia marcescens	2 (11.12%)	6 (17.14%)	8
Enterococcus	0 (0%)	3 (8.57%)	3
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	0 (0%)	2 (5.71%)	2
Others	0 (0%)	1 (2.85%)	1

Descriptive statistics

Variables	EOS	LOS	Control	Overall
n=	35 (28.92%)	39 (32.23%)	47 (38.84%)	121
Delivery mode:
Vaginal	17 (24.6%)	13 (18.8%)	39 (56.5%)	69
Cesarian section	18 (35.3%)	25 (49.0%)	8 (15.7%)	51
GA
24–28 weeks	4 (44.4%)	4 (44.4%)	1 (11.1%)	9
29–32 weeks	8 (30.7%)	6 (23.1%)	12 (46.2%)	26
33–37 weeks	21 (33.8%)	19 (30.7%)	22 (35.5%)	62
>38 weeks	2 (8.3%)	10 (41.7%)	12 (50.0%)	24
Onset of sepsis1	18.3 (14.0) hours	13.0 (7.1) days

Relationship among the categorical variables_ The association between surgical intervention and the necessity of oxygen supplementation for LOS patients_

Variable		Surgical interventions in LOS group (n=)		p-value
		No	Yes
Oxygen therapy	No	6	2	1
	Yes	22	9
High flow nasal canula	No	21	10	0.397
	Yes	7	1
nCPAP	No	27	9	0.189
	Yes	1	2
nIPPV/nCPAP	No	27	11	1
	Yes	1	0
SIMV	No	19	3	0.0344
	Yes	9	8