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User’s Search for Information: A Multi-Language Cross-Sectional Assessment of Websites about Healthcare-Associated Infections

Valentin Nădășan
Valentin Nădășan
, 
Dalma Kasza
Dalma Kasza
, 
Konrád-Ottó Kiss
Konrád-Ottó Kiss
, 
David Maior
David Maior
 y 
Marius Mărușteri
Marius Mărușteri
   | 30 ene 2024
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Article Category: Research Article
Publicado en línea: 30 ene 2024
Páginas: 85 - 95
Recibido: 23 ene 2024
Aceptado: 26 ene 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jccm-2024-0011
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© 2024 Valentin Nădășan et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

The mean credibility, completeness, and accuracy scores of information about healthcare-associated infections and the Mann-Whitney P-values of the pairwise comparison tests between the English, Romanian, and Hungarian language websites
The mean credibility, completeness, and accuracy scores of information about healthcare-associated infections and the Mann-Whitney P-values of the pairwise comparison tests between the English, Romanian, and Hungarian language websites

Fig. 2.

The mean dimensional completeness and accuracy scores by language subsamples: A. General information; B. Causes and risk factors; C. Symptoms; D. Treatment and prevention
The mean dimensional completeness and accuracy scores by language subsamples: A. General information; B. Causes and risk factors; C. Symptoms; D. Treatment and prevention

Correlations between the credibility score and Google ranks versus completeness and accuracy scores of websites presenting information about healthcare-associated infections in English, Romanian, and Hungarian language

Independent variable Dependent variable Spearman rho P-value
Credibility score Completeness score 0.273 0.0176
Accuracy score 0.365 0.0016
Google rank Completeness score −0.112 0.3389
Accuracy score −0.168 0.158

The number (n) and relative frequencies (%) of the websites presenting information about healthcare-associated infections by general characteristics and language

General Characteristics Language of the websites
English (N=25) Romanian (N=25) Hungarian (N=25) Total (N=75)
Specialization
Single medical specialty, n (%) 8 (32.0) 6 (24.0) 7 (28.0) 21 (28.0)
Multiple medical specialties, n (%) 17 (68.0) 19 (76.0) 18 (72.0) 54 (72.0)
Website ownership
Foundation, NGO, n (%) 9 (36.0) 4 (16.0) 3 (12.0) 16 (21.0)
Private or state health care provider, n (%) 2 (8.0) 3 (12.0) 4 (16.0) 9 (12.0)
Commercial company, n (%) 7 (28.0) 16 (64.0) 13 (52.0) 36 (48.0)
Medical product manufacturer/distributor, n (%) 3 (12.0) 2 (8.0) 2 (8.0) 7 (9.3)
Educational or research institution, n (%) 4 (16) 0 1 (4) 5 (6.7)
Unidentifiable, n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (8.0) 2 (2.7)
Main purpose
Educational, n (%) 18 (72.0) 17 (68.0) 19 (76.0) 54 (72.0)
Commercial, n (%) 6 (24.0) 6 (24.0) 5 (20.0) 17 (22.7)
Socialization or support, n (%) 1 (4.0) 2 (8.0) 1 (4.0) 4 (5.3)
Website format
Thematic, n (%) 6 (24.0) 2 (8.0) 4 (16.0) 12 (16.0)
General portal, n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (8.0) 2 (2.7)
Medical portal, n (%) 7 (28.0) 1 (4.0) 4 (16.0) 12 (16.0)
Electronic publication, n (%) 2 (12.0) 5 (20.0) 1 (4.0) 8 (10.7)
Company presentation page, n (%) 3 (12.0) 7 (28.0) 3 (12.0) 13 (17.0)
Web-based shop, n (%) 2 (8.0) 9 (36.0) 8 (32.0) 19 (25.3)
Blog or personal page, n (%) 1 (4.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.3)
Other, n (%) 4 (16.0) 1 (4.0) 3 (12.0) 8 (10.7)
Medical paradigm
Conventional medicine, n (%) 25 (100.0) 4 (16.0) 3 (12.0) 32 (42.7)
Alternative medicine, n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (8.0) 2 (2.7)
Mixed approach, n (%) 0 (0.0) 3 (12.0) 3 (12.0) 6 (8.0)
Unidentifiable, n (%) 0 (0.0) 18 (72.0) 17 (68.0) 35 (46.7)

Prevalence of websites about healthcare-associated infections complying with the individual credibility criteria

Criteria English subsample (%) Romanian subsample (%) Hungarian subsample (%) Whole sample (%)
Owner name and address 100 84 100 95
Mission statement 100 96 68 88
Consultation disclaimer 44 4 20 23
Disclosure of funding 52 16 40 36
Disclosure of commercial interest 80 8 4 31
Confidentiality statement 92 60 60 71
Providing contact mechanism 96 92 96 95
Authors’ credentials 44 36 32 37
Referencing sources 40 16 16 24
Display publication date 24 88 84 65
Displaying the date of last update 40 24 24 29
Quality procedure statement 32 12 12 19

The mean values and SDs of the credibility, completeness, and accuracy scores by the websites’ general characteristics

General characteristics Credibility, mean (SD) P-value Completeness, mean (SD) P-value Accuracy, mean (SD) P-value
Topic Single 4.7 (1.8) 0.21a 2.4 (1.7) 0.920a 5.8 (0.8) 0.423a
Multiple 5.3 (1.9) 2.4 (1.9) 6.0 (1.3)
Owner NGO 5.9 (1.5) 0.1526b 2.9 (1.7) 0.6b 6.3 (0.9) 0.1573b
Health service provider 4.9 (2.2) 2.1 (1.5) 5.9 (1.0)
Commercial company 4.8 (1.9) 2.3 (1.9) 5.6 (1.2)
Other 5.5 (1.7) 2.6 (2.4) 6.5 (1.4)
Goal Educational or networking 5.3 (2.0) 0.0533a 2.5 (1.9) 0.6033a 6.0 (1.3) 0.1487a
Commercial 4.3 (1.3) 2.2 (1.6) 5.7 (0.8)
Website type Topic-based content 5.9 (1.6) 0.0008b 2.5 (2.1) 0.0586b 6.7 (1.1) 0.0113b
Medical portal 6.7 (1.4) 3.1 (2.0) 5.9 (0.8)
Company promotion 3.8 (1.3) 2.5 (1.7) 5.7 (0.7)
Online shop 4.4 (1.4) 1.4 (1.4) 5.3 (1.5)
Other 5.2 (2.2) 2.9 (1.7) 6.3 (1.0)
Medical paradigm Conventional 6.0 (1.8) <0.0001a 3.3 (1.8) <0.0001a 6.4 (1.1) 0.005a
Alternative and other 4.4 (1.7) 1.7 (1.5) 5.6 (1.1)
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