This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. Crit Care Med. 199;27(5):887-892.RichardsMJEdwardsJRCulverDHGaynesRPNosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United StatesCrit Care Med199275887–89210.1097/00003246-199905000-00020Search in Google Scholar
Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153(5):1711-1725.Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statementAmerican Thoracic Society, November 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med199615351711172510.1164/ajrccm.153.5.8630626Search in Google Scholar
Porzecanski I, Bowton DL. Diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2006;130(2):597-604.PorzecanskiIBowtonDLDiagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumoniaChest2006130259760410.1378/chest.130.2.597Search in Google Scholar
Wang Y, Eldridge N, Metersky ML, et al. National trends in patient safety for four common conditions, 2005-2011. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(4):341-351.WangYEldridgeNMeterskyMLet alNational trends in patient safety for four common conditions, 2005-2011N Engl J Med2014370434135110.1056/NEJMsa1300991Search in Google Scholar
American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America: Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2005;171(4):388-416.American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America: Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumoniaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005171438841610.1164/rccm.200405-644STSearch in Google Scholar
Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Koeman M, Bonten MJ. Estimating the attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia from randomised prevention studies. Crit Care Med.2011;39(12):2736-2742.MelsenWGRoversMMKoemanMBontenMJEstimating the attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia from randomised prevention studiesCrit Care Med201139122736274210.1097/CCM.0b013e3182281f33Search in Google Scholar
Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Groenwold RH, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies. Lancet Infect Dis2013;13(8):665-671.MelsenWGRoversMMGroenwoldRHet alAttributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studiesLancet Infect Dis201313866567110.1016/S1473-3099(13)70081-1Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz J, Gordon M, Villarreal E, Frasquet J, Sánchez MÁ, Martín M, Castellanos Á, Ramirez P. Influence of antibiotic pressure on multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonisation in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019;8:38.RuizJGordonMVillarrealEFrasquetJSánchezMÁMartínMCastellanosÁRamirezPInfluence of antibiotic pressure on multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonisation in critically ill patientsAntimicrob Resist Infect Control201983810.1186/s13756-019-0484-8637512130809381Search in Google Scholar
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/ index.html (accessed 18 January 2020).US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States2013Available athttp://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/ index.html(accessed 18 January 2020)Search in Google Scholar
Fair RJ, Tor Y. Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspect Medicin Chem. 2014;6:25-64.FairRJTorYAntibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st centuryPerspect Medicin Chem20146256410.4137/PMC.S14459415937325232278Search in Google Scholar
Dsouza R, Pinto NA, Hwang I, et al. Panel strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae for beta-lactam antibiotic evaluation: their phenotypic and genotypic characterisation. PeerJ.2017;5:e2896.DsouzaRPintoNAHwangIet alPanel strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae for beta-lactam antibiotic evaluation: their phenotypic and genotypic characterisationPeerJ20175e289610.7717/peerj.2896525193228133574Search in Google Scholar
Yan Q, Zhou M, Zou M, Liu WE. Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae induced ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients in China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(3):387-396.YanQZhouMZouMLiuWEHypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae induced ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients in ChinaEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis201635338739610.1007/s10096-015-2551-2Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics. Available at: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/global-priority-list-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/en/ (accessed 20 January 2020).World Health Organization. WHO Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New AntibioticsAvailable athttps://www.who.int/medicines/publications/global-priority-list-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/en/(accessed 20 January 2020Search in Google Scholar
Bassetti M, Righi E, Carnelutti A, et al. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: challenges for treatment, prevention and infection control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018;16(10):749-761.BassettiMRighiECarneluttiAet alMultidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: challenges for treatment, prevention and infection controlExpert Rev Anti Infect Ther2018161074976110.1080/14787210.2018.1522249Search in Google Scholar
Hsia Y, Lee BR, Versporten A, et al. Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(7):e861-e871.HsiaYLeeBRVersportenAet alUse of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countriesLancet Glob Health201977e861e87110.1016/S2214-109X(19)30071-3Search in Google Scholar
Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI, et al. Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1645-1658.AslamBWangWArshadMIet alAntibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisisInfect Drug Resist2018111645165810.2147/IDR.S173867618811930349322Search in Google Scholar
Storm DR, Rosenthal KS, Swanson PE. Polymyxin and related peptide antibiotics. Annu Rev Biochem. 1977;46:723-763.StormDRRosenthalKSSwansonPEPolymyxin and related peptide antibioticsAnnu Rev Biochem19774672376310.1146/annurev.bi.46.070177.003451197881Search in Google Scholar
Tsuji BT, Pogue JM, Zavascki AP, et al. International consensus guidelines for the optimal use of the polymyxins: endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). Pharmacotherapy. 2019;39(1):10-39.TsujiBTPogueJMZavasckiAPet alInternational consensus guidelines for the optimal use of the polymyxins: endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP)Pharmacotherapy2019391103910.1002/phar.2209743725930710469Search in Google Scholar
Poirel L, Jayol A, Nordmann P. Polymyxins: antibacterial activity, susceptibility testing, and resistance mechanisms encoded by plasmids or chromosomes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(2):557-596.PoirelLJayolANordmannPPolymyxins: antibacterial activity, susceptibility testing, and resistance mechanisms encoded by plasmids or chromosomesClin Microbiol Rev201730255759610.1128/CMR.00064-16535564128275006Search in Google Scholar
Lin YW, Zhou Q, Onufrak NJ, et al. Aerosolized Polymyxin B for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections: Determination of Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Indices for Aerosolized Polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Mouse Lung Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(8):e00211-17.LinYWZhouQOnufrakNJet alAerosolized Polymyxin B for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections: Determination of Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Indices for Aerosolized Polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Mouse Lung Infection ModelAntimicrob Agents Chemother2017618e002111710.1128/AAC.00211-17552763028559256Search in Google Scholar
Standards of clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 30th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2020. Available at: https:// clsi.org/media/3481/m100ed30_sample.pdf (accessed 2 February 2020).Standards of clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 30th ed. CLSI supplement M100Wayne, PAClinical and Laboratory Standards Institute2020Available athttps://clsi.org/media/3481/m100ed30_sample.pdf(accessed 2 February 2020)Search in Google Scholar
Tuon FF, Graf ME, Merlini A, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Braz J Infect Dis. 2017;21(1):1-6.TuonFFGrafMEMerliniAet alRisk factors for mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant EnterobacteriaceaeBraz J Infect Dis20172111610.1016/j.bjid.2016.09.00827821248Search in Google Scholar
Moreira FT, Serpa Neto A. Sedation in mechanically ventilated patients-time to stay awake? Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(19):382.MoreiraFTSerpaNeto ASedation in mechanically ventilated patients-time to stay awake?Ann Transl Med201641938210.21037/atm.2016.09.37507585327826584Search in Google Scholar
Maxson T, Mitchell DA. Targeted Treatment for Bacterial Infections: Prospects for Pathogen-Specific Antibiotics Coupled with Rapid Diagnostics. Tetrahedron. 2016;72(25):3609-3624.MaxsonTMitchellDATargeted Treatment for Bacterial Infections: Prospects for Pathogen-Specific Antibiotics Coupled with Rapid DiagnosticsTetrahedron201672253609362410.1016/j.tet.2015.09.069494182427429480Search in Google Scholar
Hasan MJ, Rabbani R, Bachar SC. Therapeutic Specification of the Last Resort Polymyxins: An Intelligent Approach, Int J Infect. 2019;6(4):e96828.HasanMJRabbaniRBacharSCTherapeutic Specification of the Last Resort Polymyxins: An Intelligent ApproachInt J Infect201964e9682810.5812/iji.96828Search in Google Scholar
Hasan MJ. Polymyxins Nebulization over Intravenous Injection: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics-Based Therapeutic Evaluation. J Pharm Res Int. 2019;25(4):1-10.HasanMJPolymyxins Nebulization over Intravenous Injection: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics-Based Therapeutic EvaluationJ Pharm Res Int201925411010.9734/jpri/2018/v25i430104Search in Google Scholar
Manchandani P, Zhou J, Ledesma KR, et al. Characterisation of Polymyxin B Biodistribution and Disposition in an Animal Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;60(2):1029-1034.ManchandaniPZhouJLedesmaKRet alCharacterisation of Polymyxin B Biodistribution and Disposition in an Animal ModelAntimicrob Agents Chemother20156021029103410.1128/AAC.02445-15475068926643340Search in Google Scholar
Landersdorfer CB, Wang J, Wirth V, et al. Pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics of systemically administered polymyxin B against Klebsiella pneumoniae in mouse thigh and lung infection models. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;73(2):462-468.LandersdorferCBWangJWirthVet alPharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics of systemically administered polymyxin B against Klebsiella pneumoniae in mouse thigh and lung infection modelsJ Antimicrob Chemother201773246246810.1093/jac/dkx409589066629149294Search in Google Scholar
American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2005;171(4):388-416.American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumoniaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005171438841610.1164/rccm.200405-644ST15699079Search in Google Scholar
Chastre J, Fagon JY. State of the art: ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2002;165(7):867-903.ChastreJFagonJYState of the art: ventilator-associated pneumoniaAm J Respir Crit Care Med2002165786790310.1164/ajrccm.165.7.210507811934711Search in Google Scholar
Hunter JD. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. BMJ.2012;344:e3325.HunterJDVentilator-associated pneumoniaBMJ2012344e332510.1136/bmj.e332522645207Search in Google Scholar
Kalanuria AA, Ziai W, Mirski M. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Crit Care. 2014;18(2):208.KalanuriaAAZiaiWMirskiMVentilator-associated pneumonia in the ICUCrit Care201418220810.1007/978-3-319-03746-2_6Search in Google Scholar
Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA. 1995;274(8):639-644.VincentJLBihariDJSuterPMet alThe prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in EuropeResults of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA1995274863964410.1001/jama.1995.03530080055041Search in Google Scholar
Skrupky LP, McConnell K, Dallas J, Kollef MH. A comparison of ventilator-associated pneumonia rates as identified according to the National Healthcare Safety Network and American College of Chest Physicians Criteria. Crit Care Med.2012;40(1):281-284.SkrupkyLPMcConnellKDallasJKollefMHA comparison of ventilator-associated pneumonia rates as identified according to the National Healthcare Safety Network and American College of Chest Physicians CriteriaCrit Care Med201240128128410.1097/CCM.0b013e31822d791321926609Search in Google Scholar
Heredia-Rodríguez M, Peláez MT, Fierro I, et al. Impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia on mortality and epidemiological features of patients with secondary peritonitis. Ann Intensive Care. 2016; 6(1):34.Heredia-RodríguezMPeláezMTFierroIet alImpact of ventilator-associated pneumonia on mortality and epidemiological features of patients with secondary peritonitisAnn Intensive Care2016613410.1186/s13613-016-0137-5483541727090531Search in Google Scholar
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).JAMA.2016;315(8):801-810.SingerMDeutschmanCSSeymourCWet alThe Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)JAMA2016315880181010.1001/jama.2016.0287496857426903338Search in Google Scholar
Zhao GJ, Li D, Zhao Q, et al. Incidence, risk factors and impact on outcomes of secondary infection in patients with septic shock: an 8-year retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:38361.ZhaoGJLiDZhaoQet alIncidence, risk factors and impact on outcomes of secondary infection in patients with septic shock: an 8-year retrospective studySci Rep201663836110.1038/srep38361514141527924831Search in Google Scholar
Christaki E. Host immune response in sepsis due to ventilator-associated pneumonia: How is it different? Crit Care. 2009;13(6):1009.ChristakiEHost immune response in sepsis due to ventilator-associated pneumonia: How is it different?Crit Care2009136100910.1186/cc8174281189720017893Search in Google Scholar
Ture Z, et al. A Comparison of Nosocomial Infection Density in Intensive Care Units on Relocating to a New Hospital. J Crit Care Med. 2020;6(3):175–80.TureZet alA Comparison of Nosocomial Infection Density in Intensive Care Units on Relocating to a New HospitalJ Crit Care Med2020631758010.2478/jccm-2020-0028743035832864463Search in Google Scholar