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Comparison of Different Pollen Substitutes for the Feeding of Laboratory Reared Bumble Bee (Bombus Terrestris) Colonies

Laura Bortolotti
Laura Bortolotti
, 
Filip Pošćić
Filip Pošćić
 y 
Gherardo Bogo
Gherardo Bogo
   | 02 jul 2020
Journal of Apicultural Science's Cover Image
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Article Category: Original Article
Publicado en línea: 02 jul 2020
Páginas: 91 - 104
Recibido: 23 ago 2019
Aceptado: 22 mar 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0013
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© 2020 Laura Bortolotti et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Projection on the first two discriminant functions of different pollen substitutes for the feeding of artificially reared bumble bees. Circles represent treatment centroids of each pollen substitute. (A) Correlation biplot based on discriminant analysis (DA). Differently discriminated centroids of pollen substitutes are in different DA quadrants. Explanatory variables are shown as arrows magnified three times for graphical purposes. (B) Canonical scores of individual colonies (crosses) on first two discriminant functions. Different groups are shown with different grayscale crosses and enclosed by an envelope.
Projection on the first two discriminant functions of different pollen substitutes for the feeding of artificially reared bumble bees. Circles represent treatment centroids of each pollen substitute. (A) Correlation biplot based on discriminant analysis (DA). Differently discriminated centroids of pollen substitutes are in different DA quadrants. Explanatory variables are shown as arrows magnified three times for graphical purposes. (B) Canonical scores of individual colonies (crosses) on first two discriminant functions. Different groups are shown with different grayscale crosses and enclosed by an envelope.

Fig. 2

Crude protein (CP) and sugar (summation of sucrose, glucose and fructose) concentration, and CP-to-sugar ratio of the tested diets. Diets were shown in ascending order of CP concentration. CP-to-sugar ratios connected by a line identified diets belonging to the same cluster after principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) on Goodall probabilistic similarity index.
Crude protein (CP) and sugar (summation of sucrose, glucose and fructose) concentration, and CP-to-sugar ratio of the tested diets. Diets were shown in ascending order of CP concentration. CP-to-sugar ratios connected by a line identified diets belonging to the same cluster after principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) on Goodall probabilistic similarity index.

Fig. 3

Daily diet consumption of different test diets in descending order of consumption. Different letters indicate significant differences in concentration among test diets (p ≤ 0.05, GT2-method). Values are median + SE, n comprised between 7 and 26.
Daily diet consumption of different test diets in descending order of consumption. Different letters indicate significant differences in concentration among test diets (p ≤ 0.05, GT2-method). Values are median + SE, n comprised between 7 and 26.

Fig. 4

Daily protein consumption of the different test diets. Different letters indicate significant differences in concentration among test diets (p ≤ 0.05, GT2-method). Values are median + SE, n comprised between 7 and 26. For comparisons purposes, diets were ordered according to descending order of daily total consumption as in Fig. 3.
Daily protein consumption of the different test diets. Different letters indicate significant differences in concentration among test diets (p ≤ 0.05, GT2-method). Values are median + SE, n comprised between 7 and 26. For comparisons purposes, diets were ordered according to descending order of daily total consumption as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 5

Daily sugar consumption of the different test diets. Different letters indicate significant differences in concentration among test diets (p ≤ 0.05, GT2-method). Values are median + SE, n comprised between 7 and 26. For comparisons purposes, diets were ordered according to descending order of daily total consumption as in Fig. 3.
Daily sugar consumption of the different test diets. Different letters indicate significant differences in concentration among test diets (p ≤ 0.05, GT2-method). Values are median + SE, n comprised between 7 and 26. For comparisons purposes, diets were ordered according to descending order of daily total consumption as in Fig. 3.

Characteristics of the diets used for the two assays and the corresponding number of treated colonies

DietRaw material consistencyFinal consistencySugar syrup (%)N° of colonies
First assay
Pollen pastePelletsPaste2316
Pollen pelletsPelletsPellets08
Feedbee® powderPowderPaste3317
Feedbee® pastePastePaste010
Candipolline®PastePaste09
Bee Food®PastePaste09
Karya Ari Keki®PastePaste09
Chestnut flourPowderPaste457
Brewer's yeastPowderPaste438
Nutri-Bombus® APastePaste011
Nutri-Bombus® BPastePaste011
Nutri-Bombus® CPastePaste010
Total125
Second assay
Pollen pastePelletsPaste18.510
25% Feedbee® + 75% Pollen pastePastePaste13.99
50% Feedbee® + 50% Pollen pastePastePaste9.39
Total28

Number of dead larvae, dead adults and produced gynes, and pre-switch and pre-gyne point period in colonies fed with pure pollen paste and pollen paste mixed with 25% and 50% Feedbee®

DietDead larvaeDead adultsNumber of produced gynesPre-gyne point periodPre-switch point period
Pollen paste4 ± 11 ± 0.2 b134 ± 2351 ± 356 ± 3
25% Feedbee® + 75% Pollen paste4 ± 22 ± 0.4 ab157 ± 1752 ± 347 ± 4
50% Feedbee® + 50% Pollen paste5 ± 23 ± 1 a109 ± 1851 ± 156 ± 3

Effects of different pollen substitutes on number of dead larvae within 24 days, number of dead adults within 24 days, colony duration, and number of emerged workers of artificially reared bumble bees

Pollen substituteColony duration (days)Dead adults (n)Dead larvae (n)Emerged workers (n)
Candipolline®80 ± 3 ab12 ± 2 ab18 ± 3 b2 ± 1 b
Bee Food®70 ± 1 bc23 ± 4 a32 ± 5 b13 ± 4 ab
Feedbee® powder89 ± 3 a8 ± 2 bcd30 ± 4 b11 ± 3 ab
Karya Ari Keky®70 ± 1 bc25 ± 4 a25 ± 4 b8 ± 3 ab
Brewers’ yeast81 ± 6 ab4 ± 1 cd23 ± 4 b7 ± 2 ab
Chestnut flour59 ± 2 c8 ± 2 bcd19 ± 4 b4 ± 1 ab
Feedbee® paste70 ± 2 bc10 ± 2 bc60 ± 4 a8 ± 3 ab
Nutri-Bombus® A75 ± 5 abc3 ± 1 d35 ± 7 ab12 ± 4 ab
Nutri-Bombus® B86 ± 4 ab3 ± 1 d34 ± 5 b17 ± 6 a
Nutri-Bombus® C79 ± 6 ab3 ± 1 d40 ± 8 ab7 ± 3 ab
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