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Flowering, Forage Value, and Insect Pollination in Borage (Borago Officinalis L.) Cultivated in Se Poland

Ernest Stawiarz
Ernest Stawiarz
, 
Anna Wróblewska
Anna Wróblewska
, 
Marzena Masierowska
Marzena Masierowska
 y 
Dagmara Sadowska
Dagmara Sadowska
   | 02 jul 2020
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Article Category: Original Article
Publicado en línea: 02 jul 2020
Páginas: 77 - 89
Recibido: 05 ago 2019
Aceptado: 23 dic 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0005
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© 2020 Ernest Stawiarz et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Morphology and microstructure of a Borago officinalis flower. a. Front view of a flower. b. Fourloculed ovary with a nectary ring below (arrow). c. Four-lobed nectary ring (SEM). d. Nectary epidermis with a nectarostoma (SEM). Abbreviations: s - sepal, o - ovary, n - nectary lobe.
Morphology and microstructure of a Borago officinalis flower. a. Front view of a flower. b. Fourloculed ovary with a nectary ring below (arrow). c. Four-lobed nectary ring (SEM). d. Nectary epidermis with a nectarostoma (SEM). Abbreviations: s - sepal, o - ovary, n - nectary lobe.

Fig. 2

Seasonal flowering pattern of Borago officinalis plants in 2007. The bars represent mean values (n = 6).
Seasonal flowering pattern of Borago officinalis plants in 2007. The bars represent mean values (n = 6).

Fig. 3

Daily pattern of opening Borago officinalis flowers per stems (n = 8) recorded on the 16th and 17th June 2007. The bars represent mean values.
Daily pattern of opening Borago officinalis flowers per stems (n = 8) recorded on the 16th and 17th June 2007. The bars represent mean values.

Fig. 4

Micrographs of Borago officinalis pollen grains. a. Polar view, LM. b. Equatorial view, LM. c. Polar view, SEM. d. Equatorial view, SEM.
Micrographs of Borago officinalis pollen grains. a. Polar view, LM. b. Equatorial view, LM. c. Polar view, SEM. d. Equatorial view, SEM.

Fig. 5

Insect visits expressed as the percentage of total visits to Borago officinalis flowers recorded in 2007 and diurnal visitors to flowers.
Insect visits expressed as the percentage of total visits to Borago officinalis flowers recorded in 2007 and diurnal visitors to flowers.

Fig. 6

Bees foraging on Borago officinalis flowers. a. Honey bee gathering nectar. b. Bumblebee collecting nectar and pollen with a visible corbicular pollen load (arrow).
Bees foraging on Borago officinalis flowers. a. Honey bee gathering nectar. b. Bumblebee collecting nectar and pollen with a visible corbicular pollen load (arrow).

Fig. 7

Number of insect visits (mean and SD) to Borago officinalis crops throughout the day in the 2007 season (n = 252 records).
Number of insect visits (mean and SD) to Borago officinalis crops throughout the day in the 2007 season (n = 252 records).

Pollen production in Borago officinalis during growing seasons 2007–2009. Mean values (± SD) are given, SD - standard deviation.

YearPollen amount:
flower−1 (mg)plant−1 (g)m−2 of crop (g)
20071.3a ± 0.51.4a ± 0.86.4a ± 2.6
n = 12n = 6n = 12
20081.1b ± 0.21.1a ± 0.45.1a ± 1.2
n = 12n = 10n = 12
20091.0b ± 0.40.9a ± 0.34.2b ± 1.5
n = 12n = 20n = 12
mean1.1 ± 0.41.1 ± 0.55.2 ± 2.0
n = 36n = 26n = 36

Nectar production parameters in Borago officinalis L. in the growing seasons 2007–2009.

YearAmount · flower−1 of:Sugar concentration of nectar (% wt/wt)Amount of sugars secreted in nectar:
nectar (mg)sugars secreted in nectar (mg)plant−1 (g)m−2 of crop (g)
20074.3 ± 2.40.9 ± 0.226.7 ± 10.91.0 ± 0.64.5 ± 1.2
n = 20n = 20n = 20n = 6n = 20
20084.0 ± 2.21.3 ± 0.636.3 ± 18.81.3 ± 0.56.3 ± 3.0
n = 14n = 14n = 14n = 10n = 14
20093.8 ± 2.21.3 ± 0.633.8 ± 4.91.1 ± 0.45.1 ± 2.5
n = 19n = 19n = 19n = 10n = 19
mean4.0 ± 2.21.2 ± 0.531.5 ± 13.11.1 ± 0.55.2 ± 2.3
n = 53n = 53n = 53n = 26n = 53

Flowering phenology and abundance of Borago officinalis L. in the years of study.

YearFlowering time (days)Life span of a flower (hours)Number of flowers
plant−1m−2 of plot
200720.06–07.0821.3 ± 1.151024 ± 6284866 ± 2981
(49)n = 6n = 6n = 6
200817.06–14.0820.6 ± 1.53999 ± 3654744 ± 1731
(59)n = 6n = 10n = 10
200922.06–20.0821.7 ± 2.08863 ± 3324100 ± 1578
(60)n = 6n = 10n = 10
mean(56)21.2 ± 1.00953 ± 4144570 ± 1968
n = 18n = 26n = 26
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