The Synthesis and Decoding of Meaning

Adams, F., and Aizawa, K. 2017. Causal Theories of Mental Content. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. E. N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Available electronically at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/content-causal. Search in Google Scholar

Andersson, P.; Strandman, A.; and Strannegård, C. 2019. Exploration Strategies for Homeostatic Agents. In International Conference on Artificial General Intelligence, 178-187. Shenzhen, China. Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-27005-6_18 Search in Google Scholar

Arrighi, C., and Ferrario, R. 2005. The Dynamic Nature of Meaning. In Computing, Philosophy and Cognition eds. L. Magnani and R. Dossena, 295–312. London: King’s College Publications. Search in Google Scholar

Aston-Jones, G., and Cohen, J. D. 2005. An Integrative Theory of Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine Function: Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28: 403-450.10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.13570916022602 Search in Google Scholar

Bianchini, F., and Bruni, D. 2012. What Language for Turing Test in the Age of Qualia? In Revisiting Turing and his test: comprehensiveness, qualia, and the real world, 34-40. University of Birmingham, UK: AISB/IACAP Symposium. Search in Google Scholar

Binder, J. R., and Desai, R. H. 2011. The Neurobiology of Semantic Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 15: 527-536.10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001335074822001867 Search in Google Scholar

Block, N. 2002. Concepts of Consciousness. In Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings ed. D.J. Chalmers, 206-218. Oxford University Press USA. Search in Google Scholar

Bonzanni, M.; Rouleau, N.; Levin, M.; and Kaplan, D. L. 2019. On the Generalization of Habituation: How Discrete Biological Systems Respond to Repetitive Stimuli: A Novel Model of Habituation That Is Independent of Any Biological System. BioEssays. 41: 1900028.10.1002/bies.20190002831222777 Search in Google Scholar

Bornstein, R. F., and D’agostino, P. R. 1992. Stimulus Recognition and the Mere Exposure Effect. Journal of personality and social psychology. 63: 545-552.10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.545 Search in Google Scholar

Burato, E.; Cristani, M.; and Vigano, L. 2011. Meaning Negotiation as Inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:1101.4356. Available electronically at https://arxiv.org/pdf/1101.4356.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

Cáceres, M. J., and Perthame, B. 2014. Beyond Blow-Up in Excitatory Integrate and Fire Neuronal Networks: Refractory Period and Spontaneous Activity. Journal of theoretical biology. 350: 81-89.10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.00524533963 Search in Google Scholar

Camhi, J.M. 1984. Neuroethology: Nerve Cells and the Natural Behavior of Animals. Sinauer Associates Inc. Search in Google Scholar

Caminiti, R.; Innocenti, G. M.; and Battaglia-Mayer, A. 2015. Organization and Evolution of Parieto-Frontal Processing Streams in Macaque Monkeys and Humans. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 56: 73-96.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.01426112130 Search in Google Scholar

Chandler, D. J.; Jensen, P.; McCall, J. G.; Pickering, A. E.; Schwarz, L. A.; and Totah, N. K. 2019. Redefining Noradrenergic Neuromodulation of Behavior: Impacts of a Modular Locus Coeruleus Architecture. Journal of Neuroscience, 39: 8239-8249.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1164-19.2019 Search in Google Scholar

Christian, K.M., and Thompson, R.F. 2003. Neural Substrates of Eyeblink Conditioning: Acquisition and Retention. Learning and Memory. 10: 427-455.10.1101/lm.5960314657256 Search in Google Scholar

Daly, M. E.; Vale, C.; Walker, M.; Littlefield, A.; Alberti, K. G.; and Mathers, J. C. 1998. Acute Effects on Insulin Sensitivity and Diurnal Metabolic Profiles of a High-Sucrose Compared with a High-Starch Diet. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67: 1186-1196.10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1186 Search in Google Scholar

Damasio, A. R. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam. Search in Google Scholar

Eckersley, P., and Sandberg, A. 2013. Is Brain Emulation Dangerous? Journal of Artificial General Intelligence. 4: 170-194.10.2478/jagi-2013-0011 Search in Google Scholar

Edlow, B. L.; Takahashi, E.; Wu, O.; Benner, T.; Dai, G.; Bu, L.; Grant, P.E.; Greer, D. M.; Greenberg, S. M.; Kinney, H.C.; and Folkerth, R. D. 2012. Neuroanatomic Connectivity of the Human Ascending Arousal System Critical to Consciousness and Its Disorders. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 71: 531-546.10.1097/NEN.0b013e3182588293338743022592840 Search in Google Scholar

Ertel, W. 2017. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-58487-4 Search in Google Scholar

Eth, D.; Foust, J. C.; and Whale, B. 2013. The Prospects of Whole Brain Emulation Within the Next Half-Century. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence. 4: 130-152.10.2478/jagi-2013-0008 Search in Google Scholar

Faingold, C. L.; Riaz, A.; and Stittsworth Jr, J. D. 2014. Neuronal Network Plasticity and Network Interactions Are Critically Dependent on Conditional Multireceptive (CMR) Brain Regions. In Neuronal Networks in Brain Function, CNS Disorders, and Therapeutics eds. C.L. Faingold and H. Blumenfeld. Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-415804-7.00028-9 Search in Google Scholar

Faulkner, J. W., and Wilshire, C. E. 2020. Mapping Eloquent Cortex: A Voxel-Based Lesion-Symptom Mapping Study of Core Speech Production Capacities in Brain Tumour Patients. Brain and language. 200: 104710.10.1016/j.bandl.2019.10471031739187 Search in Google Scholar

Filimon, F.; Nelson, J. D.; Hagler, D. J.; and Sereno, M. I. 2007. Human cortical representations for reaching: Mirror neurons for execution, observation, and imagery. NeuroImage. 37: 1315-1328.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.008204568917689268 Search in Google Scholar

Fjelland, R. 2020. Why General Artificial Intelligence Will Not Be Realized. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 7: 1-9.10.1057/s41599-020-0494-4 Search in Google Scholar

Ford, J. 2011. Helen Keller Was Never in a Chinese Room. Minds and Machines. 21: 57-72.10.1007/s11023-010-9220-0 Search in Google Scholar

French, R. M. 2012. Dusting Off the Turing Test. Science. 336: 164-165.10.1126/science.121835022499930 Search in Google Scholar

Goldwag, J. A., and Wang, G. 2019. Training Artificial Neurons: An Introduction to Machine Learning. In Developments in X-Ray Tomography XII, 111131P. San Diego, Calif.: International Society for Optics and Photonics.10.1117/12.2530718 Search in Google Scholar

Grandy, R.E., and Warner, R. 2020. Paul Grice. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. E. N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Available electronically at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/grice/. Search in Google Scholar

Grant, E. L.; Hoerder-Suabedissen, A.; and Molnár, Z. 2012. Development of the Corticothalamic Projections. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 6: 53.10.3389/fnins.2012.00053334330522586359 Search in Google Scholar

Greif, H. 2012. Laws of Form and the Force of Function. Variations on the Turing Test. In Revisiting Turing and his test: comprehensiveness, qualia, and the real world, 60-64. University of Birmingham, UK: AISB/IACAP Symposium. Search in Google Scholar

Grice, H.P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Harnad, S. 1990. The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 42: 335-346.10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6 Search in Google Scholar

Haspelmath, M. 2020. Human Linguisticality and the Building Blocks of Languages. Frontiers in Psychology. 10: 3056.10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03056700623632082208 Search in Google Scholar

Hausser, R. 2014. Foundations of Computational Linguistics: Human-Computer Communication in Natural Language. Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-41431-2 Search in Google Scholar

Hodges, A. 2012. Beyond Turing’s Machines. Science. 336: 163-164.10.1126/science.121841722499929 Search in Google Scholar

Hutter, M. 2012. One Decade of Universal Artificial Intelligence. In Theoretical Foundations of Artificial General Intelligence eds. P. Wang P. and B. Goertzel. Paris: Atlantis Press. Available at https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-91216-62-6_5.10.2991/978-94-91216-62-6_5 Search in Google Scholar

Hutto, D. D., and Myin, E. 2018. Much ado about nothing? Why going non-semantic is not merely semantics. Philosophical Explorations. 21: 187-203.10.1080/13869795.2018.1478988 Search in Google Scholar

Jaynes, J. 1976. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Search in Google Scholar

Kaas, J. H.; Qi, H. X.; and Stepniewska, I. 2018. The Evolution of Parietal Cortex in Primates. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology eds. G. Vallar and H.B. Coslett. Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-444-63622-5.00002-429519465 Search in Google Scholar

Kahana, M. J.; Howard, M. W.; and Polyn, S. M. 2008. Associative Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory. Available at https://surface.syr.edu/psy/3.10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00185-6 Search in Google Scholar

Kremelberg, D. 2019. Embodiment as a Necessary a Priori of General Intelligence. In International Conference on Artificial General Intelligence, 132-136. Shenzhen, China. Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-27005-6_13 Search in Google Scholar

Kupfermann, I. 1991. Learning. In Principles of Neural Science eds. E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz, and T.M. Jessel, 805-815. Elsevier. Search in Google Scholar

Leader, L. R. 2016. The Potential Value of Habituation in the Fetus. In Fetal Development eds. N. Reissland and B.S. Kisilevsky. Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-22023-9_11 Search in Google Scholar

Linson, A.; Dobbyn, C.; and Laney, R. 2012. Interactive Intelligence: Behaviour-Based AI, Musical HCI and the Turing Test. In Revisiting Turing and his test: comprehensiveness, qualia, and the real world, 16-19. University of Birmingham, UK: AISB/IACAP Symposium. Search in Google Scholar

McCall, R. J.; Franklin, S.; Faghihi, U.; Snaider, J.; and Kugele, S. 2020. Artificial Motivation for Cognitive Software Agents. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 11: 38-69.10.2478/jagi-2020-0002 Search in Google Scholar

Müller, V. C. 2012. Autonomous Cognitive Systems in Real-World Environments: Less Control, More Flexibility and Better Interaction. Cognitive Computation. 4: 212-215.10.1007/s12559-012-9129-4 Search in Google Scholar

Müller, V. C., and Ayesh, A. 2012. Foreword From the Workshop Chairs. In Revisiting Turing and his test: comprehensiveness, qualia, and the real world, 4-5. University of Birmingham, UK: AISB/IACAP Symposium. Search in Google Scholar

Namburi, P.; Al-Hasani, R.; Calhoon, G. G.; Bruchas, M. R.; and Tye, K. M. 2016. Architectural Representation of Valence in the Limbic System. Neuropsychopharmacology. 41: 1697-1715.10.1038/npp.2015.358 Search in Google Scholar

Nichols, D. S.; Innamorati, M.; Erbuto, D.; Ryan, T. A.; Pompili, M. 2021. An MMPI-2 Hopelessness Scale: Construction, Initial Validation and Implication for Suicide Risk. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 3: 100057.10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100057 Search in Google Scholar

Oberman, L. M.; Pineda, J. A.; and Ramachandran, V. S. 2007. The human mirror neuron system: A link between action observation and social skills. SCAN. 2: 62-66.10.1093/scan/nsl022 Search in Google Scholar

Parisi, G. I.; Kemker, R.; Part, J. L.; Kanan, C.; and Wermter, S. 2019. Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A Review. Neural Networks. 113: 54-71.10.1016/j.neunet.2019.01.012 Search in Google Scholar

Piaget, J. 1977. The development of thought. New York: Viking. Search in Google Scholar

Pitt, D. 2020. Mental Representation. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. E. N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Available electronically at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/mental-representation/. Search in Google Scholar

Prigerson, H. G.; Kakarala, S.; Gang, J.; and Maciejewski, P. K. 2021. History and Status of Prolonged Grief Disorder as a Psychiatric Diagnosis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 17: 8.1-8.18.10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-093600 Search in Google Scholar

Rapaport, W. J. 2006. How Helen Keller Used Syntactic Semantics to Escape From a Chinese Room. Minds and machines. 16: 381-436.10.1007/s11023-007-9054-6 Search in Google Scholar

Reder, L. M.; Oates, J. M.; Thornton, E. R.; Quinlan, J. J.; Kaufer, A.; and Sauer, J. 2006. Drug-Induced Amnesia Hurts Recognition, But Only for Memories That Can Be Unitized. Psychological Science. 17: 562-567.10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01744.x Search in Google Scholar

Reeves, C.; Schmauder, A. R.; and Morris, R. K. 2000. Stress Grouping Improves Performance on an Immediate Serial List Recall Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 26: 1638-1654.10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1638 Search in Google Scholar

Rodríguez, D.; Hermosillo, J.; and Lara, B. 2012. Meaning in Artificial Agents: The Symbol Grounding Problem Revisited. Minds and machines. 22: 25-34.10.1007/s11023-011-9263-x Search in Google Scholar

Rolls, E. T. 1971. Absolute Refractory Period of Neurons Involved in MFB Self-Stimulation. Physiology & Behavior. 7: 311-315.10.1016/0031-9384(71)90307-6 Search in Google Scholar

Rolls, E. T. 2019. The Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Systems for Emotion, Action, and Memory. Brain Structure and Function. 224: 3001-3018.10.1016/B978-0-444-64196-0.00002-9 Search in Google Scholar

Ruiz-Salas, J. C., and Luis, G. 2020. Induced Positive Affect Reduces the Magnitude of the Startle Response and Prepulse Inhibition. Journal of Psychophysiology. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000261.10.1027/0269-8803/a000261 Search in Google Scholar

Sah, P.; Faber, E.S.L.; Lopez de Armentia, M.; and Power, J. 2003. The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology. Physiological reviews, 83: 803-834.10.1152/physrev.00002.2003 Search in Google Scholar

Schachter, S. 1964. The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press.10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60048-9 Search in Google Scholar

Schulze, G. 1995. Motivation: Homeostatic Mechanisms May Instigate and Shape Adaptive Behaviors Through the Generation of Hedonic States. In Biological perspectives on Motivated Activities ed. R. Wong. Norwood, NJ.: Ablex. Search in Google Scholar

Schulze, G. 2003. Propositions: Regarding Different Aspects of Human Behavior. Trafford Publishing. Search in Google Scholar

Schulze, G., and Mariano, M. R. 2003. Mechanisms of Motivation. Trafford Publishing. Search in Google Scholar

Searle, J. 1980. Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 3: 417-457.10.1017/S0140525X00005756 Search in Google Scholar

Sgro, J. A.; Dyal, J. A.; and Anastasio, E. J. 1967. Effects of Constant Delay of Reinforcement on Acquisition Asymptote and Resistance to Extinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 73: 634-636.10.1037/h0024385 Search in Google Scholar

Shimamura, A. P. 2011. Episodic Retrieval and the Cortical Binding of Relational Activity. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 11: 277-291.10.3758/s13415-011-0031-4 Search in Google Scholar

Skeide, M. A., and Friederici, A. D. 2016. The Ontogeny of the Cortical Language Network. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 17: 323-332.10.1038/nrn.2016.23 Search in Google Scholar

Speaks, J. 2019. Theories of Meaning. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. E. N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Available electronically at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/meaning/. Search in Google Scholar

Staddon, J. E., and Cerutti, D. T. 2003. Operant conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology. 54: 115-144.10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145124 Search in Google Scholar

Stein, R. B. 1965. A Theoretical Analysis of Neuronal Variability. Biophysical Journal. 5: 173-194.10.1016/S0006-3495(65)86709-1 Search in Google Scholar

Sutton, R.S., and Barto, A.G. 1998. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Cambridge: The MIT Press.10.1109/TNN.1998.712192 Search in Google Scholar

Szepesvári, C. 2010. Algorithms for Reinforcement Learning. Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. 4: 1-103.10.2200/S00268ED1V01Y201005AIM009 Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, R. F. 2009. Habituation: A History. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 92: 127-134.10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.011271419318703156 Search in Google Scholar

Tinberg, C. E.; Khare, S. D.; Dou, J.; Doyle, L.; Nelson, J. W.; Schena, A.; Jankowski, W.; Kalodimos, C. G.; Johnsson, K.; Stoddard, B. L.; and Baker, D. 2013. Computational Design of Ligand-Binding Proteins with High Affinity and Selectivity. Nature. 501: 212-216.10.1038/nature12443389843624005320 Search in Google Scholar

Tolentino, J. C., and Schmidt, S. L. 2018. DSM-5 Criteria and Depression Severity: Implications for Clinical Practice. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9: 450.10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00450617611930333763 Search in Google Scholar

Tulving, E., and Markowitsch, H. J. 1998. Episodic and Declarative Memory: Role of the Hippocampus. Hippocampus, 8: 198-204.10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:3<198::AID-HIPO2>3.0.CO;2-G Search in Google Scholar

Turing, I. B. A. 1950. Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind. 59: 433-460.10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 Search in Google Scholar

Van Engelen, J. E., and Hoos, H. H. 2020. A Survey on Semi-Supervised Learning. Machine Learning. 109: 373-440.10.1007/s10994-019-05855-6 Search in Google Scholar

van Heukelum, S.; Mars, R. B.; Guthrie, M.; Buitelaar, J. K.; Beckmann, C. F.; Tiesinga, P.H.E.; Vogt, B.A.; Glennon, J.C.; and Havenith, M. N. 2020. Where is Cingulate Cortex? A Cross-Species View. Trends in Neurosciences. 43: 285-299.10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.00732353333 Search in Google Scholar

Vanhooren, S. 2019. Struggling with Meaninglessness: A Case Study from an Experiential–Existential Perspective. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies. 18: 1-21.10.1080/14779757.2019.1572029 Search in Google Scholar

Vertes, R. P.; Linley, S. B.; and Hoover, W. B. 2015a. Limbic Circuitry of the Midline Thalamus. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 54: 89-107.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.014497645525616182 Search in Google Scholar

Vertes, R. P.; Linley, S. B.; Groenewegen, H. J.; and Witter, M. P. 2015b. Thalamus. In The rat nervous system, 335-390. Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-374245-2.00016-4 Search in Google Scholar

Vogt, B. A. 2016. Midcingulate Cortex: Structure, Connections, Homologies, Functions and Diseases. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 74: 28-46.10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.010 Search in Google Scholar

Wagner, A. R. 1961. Effects of Amount and Percentage of Reinforcement and Number of Acquisition Trials on Conditioning and Extinction. Journal of experimental Psychology. 62: 234-242.10.1037/h004225114004328 Search in Google Scholar

Wilkenfield, J.; Nickel, M.; Blakely, E.; and Poling, A. 1992. Acquisition of Lever-Press Responding in Rats with Delayed Reinforcement: A Comparison of Three Procedures. Journal of the Experimental analysis of behavior. 58: 431-443.10.1901/jeab.1992.58-431132209316812674 Search in Google Scholar

York, W., and Swan, J. 2012. Taking Turing Seriously (But Not Literally). In Revisiting Turing and his test: comprehensiveness, qualia, and the real world, 54-59. University of Birmingham, UK: AISB/IACAP Symposium. Search in Google Scholar

Yoshida, N. 2017. Homeostatic Agent for General Environment. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence. 8: 1-22.10.1515/jagi-2017-0001 Search in Google Scholar

Zajonc, R. B. 1968. Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 9: 1-27.10.1037/h0025848 Search in Google Scholar

Zillich, M. 2012. My Robot is Smarter Than Your Robot - On the Need for a Total Turing Test for Robots. In Revisiting Turing and his test: comprehensiveness, qualia, and the real world, 12-15. University of Birmingham, UK: AISB/IACAP Symposium. Search in Google Scholar