Labor supply | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Full sample | Siblings | Twins | ||||
Panel A: full time | ||||||
Smoker | -0.001 | 0.018 | 0.060 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.052 |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.045) | (0.045) | (0.056) | (0.056) | |
Former-smoker | -0.011 (0.010) | -0.004 | -0.033 | -0.032 | -0.035 | -0.034 |
(0.010) | (0.073) | (0.074) | (0.087) | (0.088) | ||
Panel B: part time | ||||||
Smoker | -0.021** | -0.017* | -0.008 | -0.008 | 0.006 | 0.007 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.031) | (0.031) | (0.038) | (0.038) | |
Former-smoker | -0.004 | -0.001 | 0.054 | 0.055 | 0.040 | 0.041 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.056) | (0.056) | (0.056) | (0.056) | |
Covariates | ||||||
Education | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Family Fixed | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Effects (FE) |
College | No college | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Full sample | -0.220*** (0.041) | -0.134*** (0.045) | -0.190*** (0.048) | -0.144 (0.059) |
Siblings | -0.271*** (0.049) | -0.239*** (0.047) | -0.234*** (0.050) | -0.249*** (0.048) |
Twins | -0.313*** | -0.252*** | -0.239*** | -0.115 |
0.083 | 0.070 | 0.082 | 0.103 |
Best estimate | High range | Low range | |
---|---|---|---|
Excess absenteeism | $517 | $576 | $179 |
Presenteeism | 462 | 1,848 | 462 |
Smoking breaks | 3,077 | 4,103 | 1,641 |
Excess healthcare costs | 2,056 | 3,598 | 899 |
Pension benefits | -296 | 0 | -296 |
Total costs | 5,816 | 10,125 | 2,885 |
Non-smoker | Smoker | Difference | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | STD | Mean | STD | |||
Age | 48.11 | 12.10 | 45.24 | 10.91 | 2.87 | <0.01*** |
Female | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.72 |
Employer insurance | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.04 | <0.01*** |
Schooling | 14.60 | 2.46 | 13.19 | 2.24 | 1.41 | <0.01*** |
High school | 0.96 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 0.32 | 0.07 | <0.01*** |
Some college | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.20 | <0.01*** |
College graduate | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.27 | <0.01*** |
Non-white | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
Earnings | 55,221 | 45,972 | 41,744 | 35,082 | 13,477 | <0.01*** |
Log earnings | 10.47 | 1.14 | 10.24 | 1.05 | 0.23 | <0.01*** |
Body mass index | 30.38 | 16.54 | 28.99 | 16.65 | 1.39 | 0.01** |
8,998 | 2,308 |
Age | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Full sample | Siblings | Twins | ||||
Panel A: old | ||||||
Smoker | -0.273*** | -0.218*** | -0.283*** | -0.275*** | -0.253*** | -0.320*** |
(0.031) | (0.033) | (0.095) | (0.095) | (0.097) | (0.095) | |
| 5,255 | 5,255 | 2,431 | 2,431 | 1,582 | 1,582 |
Panel B: young | ||||||
Smoker | -0.192*** | -0.119*** | -0.051 | -0.049 | -0.096 | -0.090 |
(0.030) | (0.031) | (0.117) | (0.117) | (0.109) | (0.110) | |
| 3,729 | 3,729 | 1649 | 1,649 | 1,192 | 1,192 |
Covariates | ||||||
Education | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Family Fixed | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Effects (FE) |
Twin sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Panel A: monozygotic | ||||
Smoker | -0.322*** (0.066) | -0.280*** (0.074) | -0.213* (0.111) | -0.213* (0.111) |
Panel B: dizygotic – | ||||
same | ||||
Smoker | -0.262*** (0.063) | -0.178** (0.069) | -0.198* (0.117) | -0.199* (0.117) |
Panel B: dizygotic – different | ||||
Smoker | -0.232*** (0.070) | -0.138** (0.079) | -0.223 (0.150) | -0.193 (0.152) |
Education | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Twin Fixed | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Effects (FE) |
Random | Sibling | Twin | All | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 45.58 (10.53) | 47.33 (9.60) | 45.23 (10.01) | 45.67 (10.30) |
Female | 0.50 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.53 (0.50) | 0.51 (0.50) |
Employer insurance | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.582 (0.49) | 0.583 (0.49) |
(ESHI) | ||||
Schooling | 14.244 (2.48) | 14.717 (2.37) | 14.1 (2.40) | 14.351 (2.46) |
High school | 0.94 (0.23) | 0.97 (0.16) | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.95 (0.22) |
Some college | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.65 (0.48) | 0.69 (0.46) |
College graduate | 0.41 (0.49) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.39 (0.49) | 0.43 (0.50) |
Non-white | 0.13 (0.33) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.10 (0.30) |
Earnings | 51,830 (43,073) | 59,041 (46,269) | 52,508 (42,374) | 54,510 (44,322) |
Log earnings | 10.44 (1.08) | 10.58 (1.11) | 10.47 (1.08) | 10.50 (1.08) |
Smoke | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.21 (0.41) |
Ever smoke | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.49 (0.50) |
5,615 | 5,681 | 4,078 | 11,306 |
ESHI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Full sample | Siblings | Twins | ||||
Panel A: no ESHI | ||||||
Smoker | -0.214*** | -0.159*** | -0.218 | -0.202 | -0.148 | -0.141 |
(0.037) | (0.039) | (0.307) | (0.311) | (0.326) | (0.327) | |
| 4,029 | 4,029 | 1,851 | 1,851 | 1,253 | 1,253 |
Panel B: ESHI | ||||||
Smoker | -0.211*** | -0.154*** | -0.282*** | -0.269*** | -0.209** | -0.202** |
(0.021) | (0.023) | (0.104) | (0.102) | (0.098) | (0.098) | |
| 4,946 | 4,946 | 2,229 | 2,229 | 1,521 | 1,521 |
Panel C: DiD | ||||||
Smoker*ESHI | -0.094 | -0.086 | -0.092 | -0.084 | ||
(0.163) | (0.147) | (0.157) | (0.0158) | |||
| 4,368 | 4,368 | 3,062 | 3,062 | ||
Covariates | ||||||
Education | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Family Fixed | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Effects (FE) |
Gender | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
Full sample | Siblings | Twins | ||||
Panel A: men | ||||||
Smoker | -0.257*** | -0.203*** | -0.222** | -0.198* | -0.176 | -0.162 |
(0.026) | (0.031) | (0.113) | (0.114) | (0.124) | (0.123) | |
| 4,417 | 4,417 | 1,894 | 1,894 | 1,282 | 1,282 |
Panel B: women | ||||||
Smoker | -0.219*** | -0.140*** | -0.200 | -0.204 | -0.201 | -0.204 |
(0.036) | (0.036) | (0.131) | (0.130) | (0.141) | (0.142) | |
| 4,558 | 4,558 | 2,186 | 2,186 | 1,492 | 1,492 |
Covariates | ||||||
Education | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Family Fixed | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Effects (FE) |
Full sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Panel A | ||||
Smoker | ||||
| -0.235*** (0.022) | -0.168*** (0.024) | 0.063 (0.089) | 0.064 (0.090) |
Panel B | ||||
Former-smoker | ||||
| -0.061** (0.025) | -0.019 (0.025) | -0.041 (0.072) | -0.041 (0.072) |
Covariates | ||||
Education | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Individual | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Family level | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Panel A: Siblings (n = 4,080) | ||||
Smoker | -0.270*** (0.033) | -0.199*** (0.037) | -0.165** (0.072) | -0.156** (0.073) |
Former-smoker | -0.023 (0.038) | -0.024 (0.038) | -0.079 (0.101) | -0.062 (0.103) |
Panel B: Twins (n = 2,774) | ||||
Smoker | -0.287*** (0.038) | -0.182*** (0.045) | -0.195** (0.078) | -0.163** (0.080) |
Former-smoker | 0.014 (0.046) | 0.045 (0.047) | -0.120 (0.107) | -0.112 (0.112) |
Covariates | ||||
Education | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Family | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Question | Singletons | Twins | Difference | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s education | ||||
Has less than high school | 0.360 | 0.343 | -0.017 | 0.29 |
Graduated high school | 0.402 | 0.403 | 0.009 | 0.59 |
Attended some college | 0.129 | 0.130 | 0.009 | 0.45 |
College graduate | 0.108 | 0.108 | 0.0002 | 0.98 |
Schooling (years) | 11.20 | 11.44 | 0.242** | 0.03 |
Father’s education | ||||
Has less than high school | 0.409 | 0.408 | 0.007 | 0.68 |
Graduated high school | 0.325 | 0.293 | -0.044** | 0.04 |
Attended some college | 0.089 | 0.100 | -0.010 | 0.28 |
College graduate | 0.177 | 0.191 | 0.014 | 0.33 |
Schooling (years) | 11.04 | 11.11 | -0.076 | 0.60 |
5,615 | 4,078 |