Carotid Atherosclerosis Assessment Using Ultrasonography – Making it an Easy and Valuable Tool for the General Practitioner

1. A.R.Naylor, J.-B. Ricco, G.J. de Borst. Management of Atherosclerotic Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS), Eur J VascEndovascSurg (2018) 55, 3-81.10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.03.02329699749Search in Google Scholar

2. Naylor AR. Why is the management of asymptomatic carotid disease so controversial? The Surgeon 2015;13:34-43Search in Google Scholar

3. B. Lopez-Melgar, L. Ferenandez-Friera, B. Oliva. Et al. Subclinical Atherosclerosis Burden by 3D Ultrasound in mid-life. The PESA Study. JACC 2017;70:301-313Search in Google Scholar

4. de Weerd M, Greving JP, Hedblad B, Lorenz MW,Mathiesen EB, O’Leary DH, et al. Prediction of asymptomaticcarotid artery stenosis in the general population identificationof high-risk groups. Stroke 2014;45:2366-7110.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005145476393424994719Search in Google Scholar

5. Giannoukas AD, Chabok M, Spanos K, Nicolaides A. Screening for asymptomatic carotid plaques with ultrasound. Eur J Vasc EndovascSurg 2016;52:309-12.10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.04.01327210804Search in Google Scholar

6. Giannopoulos A, Kakkos S, Abbott A, Naylor AR, Richards T,Mikhailidis DP, et al. Long-term mortality in patients withasymptomatic carotid stenosis: implications for statin therapy. -Eur J VascEndovascSurg2015; 50:573-82.10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.06.11526299982Search in Google Scholar

7. D. Migliorino, A. Mignano, S. Evola et al Correlation between carotid atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease: A retrospective study of 1067 patients, NMCD, Volume 27, Issue 1, Page e28, 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2016.11.07710.1016/j.numecd.2016.11.077Search in Google Scholar

8. AIUM Practice-Parameter Extracranial Cerebrovascular Ultrasound 2016, http://www.aium.org/resources/guidelines, 2-8Search in Google Scholar

9. B. Williams, G. Mancia, W. Spiering et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal 2018;39:3021-310410.1093/eurheartj/ehy33930165516Search in Google Scholar

10. Whal Lee. General principles of carotid Doppler ultrasonography. Ultrasonography. 2014 Jan; 33(1): 1117. Published online 2013 Dec 11. doi: 10.14366/usg.1301810.14366/usg.13018405896924936490Search in Google Scholar

11. Crisan S - Carotid Ultrasound -Medical Ultrasonography 2011, Vol 13, no 4, 326-330Search in Google Scholar

12. Jayanta Paul, Kishore Shaw, Somnath Dasgupta, and Mrinal Kanti Ghosh1 Measurement of intima media thickness of carotid artery by B-mode ultrasound in healthy people of India and Bangladesh, and relation of age and sex with carotid artery intima media thickness: An observational study. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2012 Apr-Jun; 3(2): 128131.doi: 10.4103/0975-3583.9536710.4103/0975-3583.95367335445622629031Search in Google Scholar

13. Stein JH, Douglas PS, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, Tang R, Li S, et al. Distribution and cross-sectional age-related increases of carotid artery intima-media thickness in young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Stroke. 2004;35:27827.10.1161/01.STR.0000147719.27237.1415514185Search in Google Scholar

14. Simon A, GariepyJ, Chironi G, Megnien JL, Levenson J. Intima-media thickness: A new tool for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens, 2002; 20:159-6910.1097/00004872-200202000-0000111821696Search in Google Scholar

15. Iana Simova Intima media thickness; appropriate evaluation and proper measurement. e-Journal of Cardiology Practice vol 13, No21-05 May 2015Search in Google Scholar

16. A. M. Jjohri, V. Nambi, T. Z. Naqvi et al. Recommendations for the assessment of Carotid arterial Plaque by Ulrasound for the Characterisation of Atherosclerosis and Evaluation of cardiovascular Risk: from the American society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020;33:917-3310.1016/j.echo.2020.04.02132600741Search in Google Scholar

17. H.Sillesen.Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and/or Carotid Plaque: What is Relevant? European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Published :April 28, 2014 DOI: Http://doi.org/10,1016/j.ejvs.2014.04.026Search in Google Scholar

18. Roman Komorovsky and Alessandro Desideri Carotid Ultrasound Assessment of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Useful Index for Risk Stratification. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005 Jun; 1(2): 131136.Published online 2005 Jun. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.1.2.131.6407710.2147/vhrm.1.2.131.64077199394417315399Search in Google Scholar

19. J. Yuan, A. Usman, T. Das, A.J. Patterson, J.H. Gillard and M.J. Graves Imaging Carotid Atherosclerosis Plaque Ulceration: Comparison of Advanced Imaging Modalities and Recent Developments American Journal of Neuroradiology April 2017, 38 (4) 664-671; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A502610.3174/ajnr.A5026796025328007772Search in Google Scholar

20. Makris GC, Lavida A, Griffin M, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides AN. Three dimensional ultrasound imaging for the evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219:377383.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.00621663910Search in Google Scholar

21. ten Kate GL, van Dijk AC, van den Oord SC, Hussain B, Verhagen HJ, Sijbrands EJ, et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detection of carotid plaque ulceration in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:292-8.10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.02823587280Search in Google Scholar

22. van den Oord SC, Akkus Z, Renaud G, Bosch JG, van der Steen AF, Sijbrands EJ, et al. Assessment of carotid atherosclerosis, intraplaque neovascularization, and plaque ulceration using quantitative contrastenhanced ultrasound in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;15:1213-8.10.1093/ehjci/jeu12724972806Search in Google Scholar

23. Mantella LE, Colledanchise KN, H_etu M-F, Feinstein SB, Abunassar J, Johri AM. Carotid intraplaque neovascularization predicts coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019;20:1239-47.10.1093/ehjci/jez070680626031621834Search in Google Scholar

24. Staub D, PatelMB, Tibrewala A, Ludden D, Johnson M, Espinosa P, et al. Vasa vasorum and plaque neovascularization on contrast-enhanced carotid ultrasound imaging correlates with cardiovascular disease and past cardiovascular events. Stroke 2010;41:41-7.10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.56034219910551Search in Google Scholar

25. Staikov IN, Arnold M, Mattle HP, et al. Comparison of the ECST, CC, and NASCET grading methods and ultrasound for assessing carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trial. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. J Neurol 2000; 247:681686.Search in Google Scholar

26. G. Rodriguez, D. Arnaldi, C. Campus et al. Correlation between Doppler velocities and duplex ultrasound carotid Cross-sectional Percent Stenosis. Acad Radiol 2011;18;1485-149110.1016/j.acra.2011.07.01621889897Search in Google Scholar