Adaptive trust-based secure routing protocol with reinforced anomaly detection for IoT networks

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ECC performance evaluation

Key size (bits)	Encryption time (ms)	Decryption time (ms)	Key generation time (ms)
160	1.2	1.1	3.4
192	1.6	1.4	4.1
224	2.1	1.8	5.0
256	2.7	2.3	6.2

Comparison of end-to-end delay (ms) with increasing malicious nodes

No. of malicious nodes	Proposed	Muzammal et al. (2022) [2]	Bang and Rao (2022) [3]	Singh et al. (2024) [4]	Jiang and Liu (2022) [5]
0	18.7	22.5	23.0	21.8	22.1
10	20.4	25.7	26.3	24.5	25.0
20	22.1	30.4	28.7	26.9	27.3
30	24.6	34.9	32.5	30.8	31.2
40	28.2	38.7	36.1	34.4	35.0

Comparison of PDR with increasing malicious nodes

No. of malicious nodes	Proposed	Muzammal et al. (2022) [2]	Bang and Rao (2022) [3]	Singh et al. (2024) [4]	Jiang and Liu (2022) [5]
0	98.2	95.1	94.3	96.0	94.8
10	95.6	90.8	88.9	92.3	89.7
20	92.8	85.4	83.9	88.2	86.7
30	89.7	81.6	78.2	83.5	80.9
40	86.3	76.2	72.5	79.0	75.6

Comparison of throughput (kbps) with increasing malicious nodes

No. of malicious nodes	ATBSRP—proposed	Muzammal et al. (2022) [2]	Bang and Rao (2022) [3]	Singh et al. (2024) [4]	Jiang and Liu (2022) [5]
0	540	510	500	520	505
10	530	480	470	495	485
20	512	450	438	470	460
30	489	420	410	440	430
40	460	390	375	405	395

Simulation parameters

Parameter	Value
Simulation tool	NS-3
Simulation area	1,000 m × 1,000 m
Number of nodes	100–500
Traffic type	CBR
Transmission range	250 m
MAC protocol	IEEE 802.15.4
Mobility model	Random waypoint
Attack types simulated	Blackhole, Sybil, rank, wormhole
Trust evaluation method	Direct & indirect trust, trust decay mechanism
Cryptographic security	ECC, one-time hash chains
Detection algorithm	GMM, decision tree

Comparison of detection accuracy (%) with increasing malicious nodes

No. of malicious nodes	Proposed	Muzammal et al. (2022) [2]	Bang and Rao (2022) [3]	Singh et al. (2024) [4]	Jiang and Liu (2022) [5]
10	98.3	92.4	90.1	94.5	91.3
20	96.5	90.2	87.8	91.5	89.3
30	94.2	86.7	83.9	88.1	85.6
40	91.7	82.3	79.4	84.7	81.2

Comparative analysis

Metric	ATBSRP (proposed)	Muzammal et al. (2022a) [2]	Bang and Rao (2022) [3]	Singh et al. (2024) [4]	Jiang and Liu (2022) [5]
PDR (%)	92.8	85.4	83.9	88.2	86.7
End-to-end delay (ms)	22.1	30.4	28.7	26.9	27.3
Throughput (kbps)	512	450	438	470	460
Routing overhead (%)	12.3	18.2	19.6	15.8	17.4
Detection accuracy (%)	96.5	90.2	87.8	91.5	89.3