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The ordinary negative changing refractive index for estimation of optical confinement factor

Ahmad S. Abdullah

Ahmad S. Abdullah

Department of Communications, College of Engineering, University of DiyalaIraq
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Abdullah, Ahmad S.
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Sadeq Adnan Hbeeb

Sadeq Adnan Hbeeb

Department of Communications, College of Engineering, University of DiyalaIraq
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Hbeeb, Sadeq Adnan
  
29 jun 2022
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Categoría del artículo: Article
Publicado en línea: 29 jun 2022
Recibido: 23 dic 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijssis-2022-0009
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© 2022 Ahmad S. Abdullah et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Applied electric field along z-direction changes the refractive index of crystal.
Applied electric field along z-direction changes the refractive index of crystal.

Figure 2

(a) A Mach–Zehnder interferometer modulator MZIM. (b) The cross-sectional diagram of the MZIM and the channel of the waveguides.
(a) A Mach–Zehnder interferometer modulator MZIM. (b) The cross-sectional diagram of the MZIM and the channel of the waveguides.

Figure 3

Integrated LN Mach-Zehnder modulator MZM: (a) top view and (b) cross-section area.
Integrated LN Mach-Zehnder modulator MZM: (a) top view and (b) cross-section area.

Figure 4

MZI electro-optic modulator based on LiNbO3.
MZI electro-optic modulator based on LiNbO3.

Figure 5

The ordinary negative changing of refractive index by applying electric field versus different lengths of arms.
The ordinary negative changing of refractive index by applying electric field versus different lengths of arms.

Figure 6

The ordinary negative changing of refractive index as a function of the confinement factor under different intensity of the applied electrical field.
The ordinary negative changing of refractive index as a function of the confinement factor under different intensity of the applied electrical field.

Figure 7

The ordinary negative changing of refractive index as a function of refractive index versus different lengths of arms for LiTaO3.
The ordinary negative changing of refractive index as a function of refractive index versus different lengths of arms for LiTaO3.

Figure 8

The ordinary negative changing of refractive index as a function of electro-optic coefficient versus different lengths of arms for LiTaO3.
The ordinary negative changing of refractive index as a function of electro-optic coefficient versus different lengths of arms for LiTaO3.

Figure 9

The ordinary negative changing of refractive index with wavelength under different applied electric fields for LiTaO3.
The ordinary negative changing of refractive index with wavelength under different applied electric fields for LiTaO3.

Electro-optic coefficients (r33), refractive index (no) and wavelengths (λ), for LN_4_

r33 (pm/V) Wavelength (nm) no Reference
31 633 2.2864 (Casson et al., 2004)
25 1560 2.2108 (Casson et al., 2004)

The comparison between the reference paper (Chang et al_, 2017; Qi and Li, 2020) and this work_

Reference Δn L d ΔØ E Γ Modulator type
(Qi and Li, 2020) and (He et al., 2019) Large Large In mm Small π/2 E = V/d Large Transvers
This work Large Small In μm – π E = V/L Large Longitudinal
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