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Learning by outward and inward internationalization and the outward/inward innovativeness of firms in Poland

Maja Szymura-Tyc
Maja Szymura-Tyc
   | 29 ene 2021
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Article Category: Empirical Paper
Publicado en línea: 29 ene 2021
Páginas: 44 - 68
Recibido: 09 mar 2020
Aceptado: 24 sept 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2020-0030
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© 2021 Maja Szymura-Tyc, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Research model and hypotheses.
Research model and hypotheses.

Formative indicators constituting the outward and inward innovativeness indices

Outward innovativeness index
Formative indicators Weight
The degree of newness of product and marketing innovations 0.35
Number of product and marketing innovations against competitors 0.20
The share of product innovation expenditure in total expenditure 0.25
R&D product innovation expenditure against competitors 0.20

Formative indicators constituting the outward and inward internationalization indices

Outward internationalization index
Formative indicators Weight
Outward internationalization forms and markets 0.40
Export share in sales and markets 0.40
Firm's international experience and markets 0.20

Descriptive statistics for internationalization and innovativeness indices (N=274)

Index Mean Tests Range Standard deviation
Outward internationalization 0.125 0.713 0.125
Industry 0.162 Statistically significant differences – test U MW
Services 0.089
Small 0.111 Statistically insignificant differences
Medium 0.136
Large 0.127
Affiliated 0.125 Statistically insignificant differences
Non-affiliated 0.124
Inward internationalization 0.123 0.663 0.118
Industry 0.139 Statistically significant differences – test U MW
Services 0.109
Small 0.119 Statistically insignificant differences
medium 0.127
Large 0.121
Affiliated 0.121 Statistically insignificant differences
Non-affiliated 0.128
Outward Innovativeness 0.319 0.910 0.154
Industry 0.329 Statistically insignificant differences
Services 0.310
Small 0.296 Statistically insignificant differences
Medium 0.335
Large 0.309
Affiliated 0.315 Statistically insignificant differences
Non-affiliated 0.328
Inward Innovativeness 0.281 0.800 0.148
Industry 0.305 Statistically significant differences – test U MW
Services 0.258
Small 0.252 Statistically significant differences for small and large firms – Kruskal-Wallis test
Medium 0.290
Large 0.309
Affiliated 0.269 Statistically significant differences – test U MW
Non-affiliated 0.306

Correlations between internationalization and innovativeness indices (N=274)

Outward innovativeness Inward innovativeness
Outward internationalization .217** .311**
Industry .272** .310**
Services .149 .234**
Small .264** .364**
Medium .147 .265**
Large .269** .287**
Affiliated .208** .339**
Non-affiliated .222** .305**
Domestic capital only .240** .343**
With foreign capital .179 .297**
Inward internationalization .106 .182**
Industry .078 .169
Services .121 .161
Small .143 .152
Medium .006 .227**
Large .097 .140
Affiliated .170 .266**
Non-affiliated .071 .141
Domestic capital only .083 .175**
With foreign capital .158 .238**
eISSN:
2543-5361
Idioma:
Inglés
Calendario de la edición:
4 veces al año
Temas de la revista:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Economic Theory, Systems and Structures, Business Management, Management Accounting, Financial Controlling, Cost Calculation, Investment
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