Understanding flexibility – dimensions of employee behavior flexibility

Katarzyna Januszkiewicz

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Understanding flexibility – dimensions of employee behavior flexibility

Katarzyna Januszkiewicz

| 13 jul 2022

International Journal of Contemporary Management

Volumen 58 (2022): Edición 3 (September 2022)

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Article Category: Research Article

Publicado en línea: 13 jul 2022

Páginas: 27 - 40

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijcm-2022-0003

Palabras clave
organisational behaviour, organisational solutions, flexibility, flexitime, flexiplace, smart work, measurement method, human resources management

© 2022 Katarzyna Januszkiewicz, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Model of Flexibility of Organisational Behaviour of Employees (FOBE).Source: own study.

Communalities for individual FOBE items.

	Communalities		Communalities		Communalities		Communalities
P1.1	0.523	P2.1	0.455	P3.1	0.222	P4.1	0.297
P1.2	0.487	P2.2	0.437	P3.2	0.371	P4.2	0.530
P1.3	0.532	P2.3	0.395	P3.3	0.242	P4.3	0.382
P1.4	0.430	P2.4	0.533	P3.4	0.452	P4.4	0.293
P1.5	0.474	P2.5	0.493	P3.5	0.625	P4.5	0.622
P1.6	0.454	P2.6	0.683	P3.6	0.534	P4.6	0.626
P1.7	0.400	P2.6	0.659	P3.7	0.530	P4.7	0.260
P1.8	0.292	P2.8	0.564			P4.8	0.504
						P4.9	0.490

Results of factor analysis of behavioural flexibility indicators.

Item	Component
Item	TF	SF	FF	Temp F
P1.3. Change in the scope of knowledge, skills, and attitudes used during work	0.717	0.033	0.047	0.119
P1.1. Change in the type of tasks performed	0.703	0.027	−0.070	0.154
P1.2. Change in the scope of tasks performed	0.682	0.005	0.022	0.145
P1.5. Change in the manner of performing work	0.665	0.091	0.153	0.025
P1.4. Change in the method of performing work	0.633	0.136	0.082	0.073
P2.1. Work in various types of teams	0.612	0.180	0.205	0.086
P1.6. Parallel multitasking	0.556	−0.056	0.311	0.215
P1.7. Reactive change in tasks	0.545	−0.062	0.245	0.197
P2.2. Work in teams exercising various functions	0.487	0.276	0.355	−0.001
P2.3. Work in heterogeneous teams	0.475	−0.001	0.357	0.210
P1.8. Change in technical and technological solutions related to task performance	0.466	0.219	0.156	−0.066
P4.6. Medium-term trips	0.067	0.786	0.052	0.008
P4.5. Short-term trips	0.040	0.777	0.127	0.038
P4.2. Diagonal movements	0.113	0.707	0.127	−0.036
P4.8. Work in a different organisation in a different town/country	0.033	0.705	0.016	0.076
P3.2. Work in two or more organisations at the same time	−0.024	0.573	0.101	0.178
P4.3. Work in the same organisation but in a different town	0.106	0.550	0.077	0.246
P4.1. Horizontal movements	0.252	0.457	0.141	0.075
P4.7. Rotational trips	−0.099	0.425	0.114	0.234
P3.1. Work based on non-standard forms of employment	0.122	0.373	−0.170	0.205
P2.7. Playing various roles in the same team	0.136	−0.012	0.798	0.054
P2.6. Playing various roles in teams in parallel	0.215	0.040	0.769	0.212
P2.8. Playing various roles in various teams	0.228	0.161	0.696	0.034
P2.5. Playing different roles in a number of organisations in parallel	0.089	0.264	0.636	0.064
P2.4. Playing different roles in a number of organisations one after another	0.238	0.153	0.615	0.274
P3.5. Asynchronous attendance due to diverse working time	0.013	0.181	0.004	0.770
P3.6. Separation of individual working time from the general working time of the organisation	0.197	0.128	0.060	0.689
P4.9. Performing tasks outside the workplace	0.054	0.130	0.155	0.667
P3.7. Self-organisation of working time	0.250	0.015	0.169	0.661
P3.4. Change in working time arrangements	0.107	0.107	0.182	0.631
P4.4. Business trips	0.167	0.349	0.121	0.358
P3.3. Change in working time	0.163	0.296	−0.063	0.356
Degree of explained variance (%)	23.7	9.9	6.5	6.1

Indicators of FOBE.

Position
TASK FLEXIBILITY
P1.1	Change in type of tasks performed (new/different tasks whilst in the same role)
P1.2	Change in the scope of tasks performed (extension of tasks to-date with other activities, eg planning-, control-, and execution-related)
P1.3	Change in the scope of knowledge, skills, and attitudes at work (the need to extend knowledge, qualification, or changes in behaviour)
P1.4	Change in the method of performing work (performing tasks differently, based on new techniques, methods, processes, procedures, etc.)
P1.5	Change in the manner of performing work (transition from individual to team work or vice versa)
P1.6	Parallel multitasking (performing many tasks at the same time)
P1.7	Reactive change of tasks (unplanned change: a response to the challenges of the environment)
P1.8	Change in technical and technological solutions related to performing tasks (eg change in operating systems, implementation of new technology)
FUNCTIONAL FLEXIBILITY
P2.1	Work in different types of teams (eg project teams)
P2.2	Work in teams but performing different functions (eg opinion giving, advisory, decision making)
P2.3	Work in heterogeneous teams (diverse in terms of gender, age, professional experience, years of work)
P2.4	Playing different organisational roles in parallel (formally defined functions in an organisation)
P2.5	Playing different roles in a number of organisations in parallel
P2.6	Playing different team roles in parallel (team functions not specified formally, eg Initiator, Soul of the Team)
P2.6	Playing multiple roles in the same team
P2.8	Playing a range of roles in various teams
TIME FLEXBILITY
P3.1	Work based on non-standard forms of employment (eg contract work, temporary work, on-call contract, telework, self-employment, weekend work, contract of mandate, contract for a specific work)
P3.2	Work in two or more organisations at the same time (over the previous year)
P3.3	Change in working time (change in the number of hours to be worked in the adopted settlement period)
P3.4	Change in working time arrangements (change in working schedule, workload per day, week, month)
P3.5	Asynchronous (irregular) attendance due to diverse working time
P3.6	Separation of individual working time from the general working time of the organisation (possibility of starting/finishing work at different times)
P3.7	Self-organisation of working time (independent decisions on when and over what period the work will be performed)
SPATIAL FLEXIBILITY
P4.1	Horizontal movements (performing work in a different unit within the organisation without changing position)
P4.2	Diagonal movements: performing work in a different organisational unit and in a different role
P4.3	Work in the same organisation but in a different site (eg affiliate, branch office)
P4.4	Business trips (delegation to work in a different town/country for up to one month)
P4.5	Short-term trips (delegation to work in a different town/country from one to three months)
P4.6	Medium-term trips (delegation to work in a different town/country from 3 to 12 months)
P4.7	Rotation trips: short-regular business trips to perform specific tasks, alternating with working in the home unit
P4.8	Work in a different organisation in a different town/country
P4.9	Performing work outside the workplace (eg at home, mobile office)

Evaluation of correlation between individual indicators of flexibility dimensions.

	P3.1	P3.2	P3.3	P3.4	P3.5	P3.6	P3.7	P4.1	P4.2	P4.3	P4.4	P4.5	P4.6	P4.7	P4.8	P4.9
P1.1	0.228^**	0.050	0.211^**	0.155^**	0.172^**	0.171^**	0.249^**	0.265^**	0.091	0.150^**	0.130^*	0.097	0.101	—0.035	0.078	0.163^**
P1.2	0.160^**	−0.008	0.147^**	0.186^**	0.087	0.187^**	0.254^**	0.267^**	0.052	0.093	0.088	0.076	0.063	−0.002	0.082	0.153^**
P1.3	0.048	0.005	0.162^**	0.207^**	0.129^*	0.200^**	0.195^**	0.173^**	0.154^**	0.113^*	0.140^*	0.068	0.092	0.005	0.107	0.129^*
P1.4	0.045	0.001	0.033	0.082	0.097	0.217^**	0.265^**	0.167^**	0.155^**	0.185^**	0.183^**	0.138^*	0.158^**	0.096	0.086	0.122^*
P1.5	0.069	0.050	0.137^*	0.129^*	0.119^*	0.181^**	0.206^**	0.216^**	0.150^**	0.164^**	0.199^**	0.096	0.117^*	0.078	0.115^*	0.127^*
P1.6	0.013	0.032	0.055	0.170^**	0.103	0.201^**	0.358^**	0.219^**	0.012	0.042	0.175^**	0.053	0.010	0.076	0.024	0.221^**
P1.7	−0.021	0.069	0.014	0.154^**	0.119^*	0.263^**	0.291^**	0.161^**	0.064	0.102	0.186^**	0.072	0.014	0.132^*	0.029	0.189^**
P1.8	0.037	0.094	0.099	0.131^*	0.032	0.198^**	0.147^**	0.181^**	0.185^**	0.170^**	0.139^*	0.232^**	0.227^**	0.106	0.169^**	0.023
P2.1	0.074	0.161^**	0.106	0.163^**	0.142^*	0.211^**	0.219^**	0.238^**	0.174^**	0.167^**	0.261^**	0.202^**	0.178^**	0.129^*	0.194^**	0.178^**
P2.2	0.070	0.172^**	0.078	0.117^*	0.152^**	0.196^**	0.195^**	0.249^**	0.298^**	0.270^**	0.274^**	0.285^**	0.253^**	0.164^**	0.183^**	0.159^**
P2.3	0.039	0.114^*	0.118^*	0.183^**	0.148^**	0.263^**	0.276^**	0.107	0.064	0.087	0.177^**	0.080	0.066	0.040	0.066	0.184^**
P2.4	0.116^*	0.178^**	0.188^**	0.319^**	0.261^**	0.260^**	0.269^**	0.222^**	0.184^**	0.153^**	0.217^**	0.195^**	0.180^**	0.172^**	0.190^**	0.320^**
P2.5	0.098	0.343^**	0.136^*	0.201^**	0.155^**	0.165^**	0.161^**	0.208^**	0.211^**	0.160^**	0.085	0.214^**	0.224^**	0.102	0.230^**	0.122^*
P2.6	−0.012	0.063	0.041	0.291^**	0.163^**	0.213^**	0.290^**	0.227^**	0.188^**	0.177^**	0.205^**	0.189^**	0.136^*	0.147^**	0.104	0.254^**
P2.7	−0.025	0.046	0.037	0.215^**	0.027	0.082	0.169^**	0.234^**	0.109	0.139^*	0.146^**	0.139^*	0.128^*	0.051	0.053	0.142^*
P2.8	0.082	0.105	0.064	0.158^**	0.061	0.183^**	0.183^**	0.165^**	0.194^**	0.189^**	0.189^**	0.126^*	0.154^**	0.047	0.142^*	0.126^*
P3.1	1.000	0.377^**	0.376^**	0.234^**	0.238^**	0.176^**	0.062	0.144^**	0.214^**	0.159^**	0.138^*	0.149^**	0.231^**	0.065	0.290^**	0.125^*
P3.2	0.377^**	1.000	0.262^**	0.185^**	0.241^**	0.217^**	0.084	0.105	0.194^**	0.238^**	0.165^**	0.252^**	0.249^**	0.289^**	0.375^**	0.145^**
P3.3	0.376^**	0.262^**	1.000	0.501^**	0.377^**	0.172^**	0.124^*	0.176^**	0.230^**	0.139^*	0.088	0.148^**	0.306^**	0.070	0.175^**	0.123^*
P3.4	0.234^**	0.185^**	0.501^**	1.000	0.482^**	0.351^**	0.307^**	0.111^*	0.221^**	0.147^**	0.193^**	0.141^*	0.178^**	0.082	0.162^**	0.310^**
P3.5	0.238^**	0.241^**	0.377^**	0.482^**	1.000	0.540^**	0.364^**	0.133^*	0.156^**	0.276^**	0.271^**	0.189^**	0.277^**	0.181^**	0.184^**	0.363^**
P3.6	0.176^**	0.217^**	0.172^**	0.351^**	0.540^**	1.000	0.502^**	0.097	0.132^*	0.244^**	0.250^**	0.172^**	0.152^**	0.176^**	0.238^**	0.361^**
P3.7	0.062	0.084	0.124^*	0.307^**	0.364^**	0.502^**	1.000	0.112^*	0.106	0.180^**	0.242^**	0.129^*	0.056	0.190^**	0.126^*	0.457^**
P4.1	0.144^**	0.105	0.176^**	0.111^*	0.133^*	0.097	0.112^*	1.000	0.378^**	0.360^**	0.206^**	0.314^**	0.307^**	0.181^**	0.190^**	0.189^**
P4.2	0.214^**	0.194^**	0.230^**	0.221^**	0.156^**	0.132^*	0.106	0.378^**	1.000	0.293^**	0.194^**	0.401^**	0.475^**	0.227^**	0.366^**	0.113^*
P4.3	0.159^**	0.238^**	0.139^*	0.147^**	0.276^**	0.244^**	0.180^**	0.360^**	0.293^**	1.000	0.405^**	0.396^**	0.311^**	0.308^**	0.329^**	0.264^**
P4.4	0.138^*	0.165^**	0.088	0.193^**	0.271^**	0.250^**	0.242^**	0.206^**	0.194^**	0.405^**	1.000	0.289^**	0.280^**	0.261^**	0.237^**	0.270^**
P4.5	0.149^**	0.252^**	0.148^**	0.141^*	0.189^**	0.172^**	0.129^*	0.314^**	0.401^**	0.396^**	0.289^**	1.000	0.647^**	0.333^**	0.455^**	0.207^**
P4.6	0.231^**	0.249^**	0.306^**	0.178^**	0.277^**	0.152^**	0.056	0.307^**	0.475^**	0.311^**	0.280^**	0.647^**	1.000	0.286^**	0.479^**	0.149^**
P4.7	0.065	0.289^**	0.070	0.082	0.181^**	0.176^**	0.190^**	0.181^**	0.227^**	0.308^**	0.261^**	0.333^**	0.286^**	1.000	0.268^**	0.319^**
P4.8	0.290^**	0.375^**	0.175^**	0.162^**	0.184^**	0.238^**	0.126^*	0.190^**	0.366^**	0.329^**	0.237^**	0.455^**	0.479^**	0.268^**	1.000	0.244^**
P4.9	0.125^*	0.145^**	0.123^*	0.310^**	0.363^**	0.361^**	0.457^**	0.189^**	0.113^*	0.264^**	0.270^**	0.207^**	0.149^**	0.319^**	0.244^**	1.000

	P3.1	P3.2	P3.3	P3.4	P3.5	P3.6	P3.7	P4.1	P4.2	P4.3	P4.4	P4.5	P4.6	P4.7	P4.8	P4.9

P1.1	0.228^**	0.050	0.211^**	0.155^**	0.172^**	0.171^**	0.249^**	0.265^**	0.091	0.150^**	0.130^*	0.097	0.101	−0.035	0.078	0.163^**

P1.2	0.160^**	−0.008	0.147^**	0.186^**	0.087	0.187^**	0.254^**	0.267^**	0.052	0.093	0.088	0.076	0.063	−0.002	0.082	0.153^**

P1.3	0.048	0.005	0.162^**	0.207^**	0.129^*	0.200^**	0.195^**	0.173^**	0.154^**	0.113^*	0.140^*	0.068	0.092	0.005	0.107	0.129^*

P1.4	0.045	0.001	0.033	0.082	0.097	0.217^**	0.265^**	0.167^**	0.155^**	0.185^**	0.183^**	0.138^*	0.158^**	0.096	0.086	0.122^*

P1.5	0.069	0.050	0.137^*	0.129^*	0.119^*	0.181^**	0.206^**	0.216^**	0.150^**	0.164^**	0.199^**	0.096	0.117^*	0.078	0.115^*	0.127^*

P1.6	0.013	0.032	0.055	0.170^**	0.103	0.201^**	0.358^**	0.219^**	0.012	0.042	0.175^**	0.053	0.010	0.076	0.024	0.221^**

P1.7	−0.021	0.069	0.014	0.154^**	0.119^*	0.263^**	0.291^**	0.161^**	0.064	0.102	0.186^**	0.072	0.014	0.132^*	0.029	0.189^**

P1.8	0.037	0.094	0.099	0.131^*	0.032	0.198^**	0.147^**	0.181^**	0.185^**	0.170^**	0.139^*	0.232^**	0.227^**	0.106	0.169^**	0.023

P2.1	0.074	0.161^**	0.106	0.163^**	0.142^*	0.211^**	0.219^**	0.238^**	0.174^**	0.167^**	0.261^**	0.202^**	0.178^**	0.129^*	0.194^**	0.178^**

P2.2	0.070	0.172^**	0.078	0.117^*	0.152^**	0.196^**	0.195^**	0.249^**	0.298^**	0.270^**	0.274^**	0.285^**	0.253^**	0.164^**	0.183^**	0.159^**

P2.3	0.039	0.114^*	0.118^*	0.183^**	0.148^**	0.263^**	0.276^**	0.107	0.064	0.087	0.177^**	0.080	0.066	0.040	0.066	0.184^**

P2.4	0.116^*	0.178^**	0.188^**	0.319^**	0.261^**	0.260^**	0.269^**	0.222^**	0.184^**	0.153^**	0.217^**	0.195^**	0.180^**	0.172^**	0.190^**	0.320^**

P2.5	0.098	0.343^**	0.136^*	0.201^**	0.155^**	0.165^**	0.161^**	0.208^**	0.211^**	0.160^**	0.085	0.214^**	0.224^**	0.102	0.230^**	0.122^*

P2.6	−0.012	0.063	0.041	0.291^**	0.163^**	0.213^**	0.290^**	0.227^**	0.188^**	0.177^**	0.205^**	0.189^**	0.136^*	0.147^**	0.104	0.254^**

P2.7	−0.025	0.046	0.037	0.215^**	0.027	0.082	0.169^**	0.234^**	0.109	0.139^*	0.146^**	0.139^*	0.128^*	0.051	0.053	0.142^*

P2.8	0.082	0.105	0.064	0.158^**	0.061	0.183^**	0.183^**	0.165^**	0.194^**	0.189^**	0.189^**	0.126^*	0.154^**	0.047	0.142^*	0.126^*

P3.1	1.000	0.377^**	0.376^**	0.234^**	0.238^**	0.176^**	0.062	0.144^**	0.214^**	0.159^**	0.138^*	0.149^**	0.231^**	0.065	0.290^**	0.125^*

P3.2	0.377^**	1.000	0.262^**	0.185^**	0.241^**	0.217^**	0.084	0.105	0.194^**	0.238^**	0.165^**	0.252^**	0.249^**	0.289^**	0.375^**	0.145^**

P3.3	0.376^**	0.262^**	1.000	0.501^**	0.377^**	0.172^**	0.124^*	0.176^**	0.230^**	0.139^*	0.088	0.148^**	0.306^**	0.070	0.175^**	0.123^*

P3.4	0.234^**	0.185^**	0.501^**	1.000	0.482^**	0.351^**	0.307^**	0.111^*	0.221^**	0.147^**	0.193^**	0.141^*	0.178^**	0.082	0.162^**	0.310^**

P3.5	0.238^**	0.241^**	0.377^**	0.482^**	1.000	0.540^**	0.364^**	0.133^*	0.156^**	0.276^**	0.271^**	0.189^**	0.277^**	0.181^**	0.184^**	0.363^**

P3.6	0.176^**	0.217^**	0.172^**	0.351^**	0.540^**	1.000	0.502^**	0.097	0.132^*	0.244^**	0.250^**	0.172^**	0.152^**	0.176^**	0.238^**	0.361^**

P3.7	0.062	0.084	0.124^*	0.307^**	0.364^**	0.502^**	1.000	0.112^*	0.106	0.180^**	0.242^**	0.129^*	0.056	0.190^**	0.126^*	0.457^**

P4.1	0.144^**	0.105	0.176^**	0.111^*	0.133^*	0.097	0.112^*	1.000	0.378^**	0.360^**	0.206^**	0.314^**	0.307^**	0.181^**	0.190^**	0.189^**

P4.2	0.214^**	0.194^**	0.230^**	0.221^**	0.156^**	0.132^*	0.106	0.378^**	1.000	0.293^**	0.194^**	0.401^**	0.475^**	0.227^**	0.366^**	0.113^*

P4.3	0.159^**	0.238^**	0.139^*	0.147^**	0.276^**	0.244^**	0.180^**	0.360^**	0.293^**	1.000	0.405^**	0.396^**	0.311^**	0.308^**	0.329^**	0.264^**

P4.4	0.138^*	0.165^**	0.088	0.193^**	0.271^**	0.250^**	0.242^**	0.206^**	0.194^**	0.405^**	1.000	0.289^**	0.280^**	0.261^**	0.237^**	0.270^**

P4.5	0.149^**	0.252^**	0.148^**	0.141^*	0.189^**	0.172^**	0.129^*	0.314^**	0.401^**	0.396^**	0.289^**	1.000	0.647^**	0.333^**	0.455^**	0.207^**

P4.6	0.231^**	0.249^**	0.306^**	0.178^**	0.277^**	0.152^**	0.056	0.307^**	0.475^**	0.311^**	0.280^**	0.647^**	1.000	0.286^**	0.479^**	0.149^**

P4.7	0.065	0.289^**	0.070	0.082	0.181^**	0.176^**	0.190^**	0.181^**	0.227^**	0.308^**	0.261^**	0.333^**	0.286^**	1.000	0.268^**	0.319^**

P4.8	0.290^**	0.375^**	0.175^**	0.162^**	0.184^**	0.238^**	0.126^*	0.190^**	0.366^**	0.329^**	0.237^**	0.455^**	0.479^**	0.268^**	1.000	0.244^**

P4.9	0.125^*	0.145^**	0.123^*	0.310^**	0.363^**	0.361^**	0.457^**	0.189^**	0.113^*	0.264^**	0.270^**	0.207^**	0.149^**	0.319^**	0.244^**	1.000

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Understanding flexibility – dimensions of employee behavior flexibility

Article Category: Research Article

Publicado en línea: 13 jul 2022

Páginas: 27 - 40

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijcm-2022-0003

Palabras claveorganisational behaviour, organisational solutions, flexibility, flexitime, flexiplace, smart work, measurement method, human resources management

© 2022 Katarzyna Januszkiewicz, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Communalities for individual FOBE items.

Results of factor analysis of behavioural flexibility indicators.

Indicators of FOBE.

Evaluation of correlation between individual indicators of flexibility dimensions.

Palabras clave
organisational behaviour, organisational solutions, flexibility, flexitime, flexiplace, smart work, measurement method, human resources management