Why the Discovery of the Overlapped Multiplexing Principle is Bound to Cause a Revolution in Communication and Information Technology?

Shannon theory relies on different signal levels to distinguish data. It is well known that it cannot be separated from multi-level tuning to constellation diagrams, such as QAM constellation diagrams, in order for a given Nyquist bandwidth of a data symbol to Ho in K bits of information, there must be at least 2^K levels (number of constellation points) within the constellation diagrams, such as K = 4 with 16QAM, K = 12 with 4096QAM ……, etc. Thus, in an average power constrained channel, as the desired spectral efficiency increases, the minimum distance between the constellation points (minimum interval of levels) will decrease exponentially, and as soon as the noise level exceeds half of the minimum interval of the constellation points (signal levels), the received data judgment will be wrong. This is the reason why the capacity (spectral efficiency) of the Shannon system grows exponentially with the received signal power.

Ov theory, on the other hand, relies on different signal waveforms to distinguish data. It is well known that in unusually noisy environments, one can still distinguish between very many very weak signal waveforms by utilizing the inherent characteristics of the different waveforms, which is the fundamental reason why the Ov capacity (spectral efficiency) requires far less received signal power than the Shannon system.

Shannon only gave theoretical capacity bounds, i.e., he only proved the existence of approximation to his capacity bounds, and did not give encodings (constructivists) to approximate his capacity bounds. Therefore, more than seventy years after Shannon's information theory, people have been constantly trying to explore various channel coding methods that approach Shannon's bound, but the results are not very effective. Shannon pointed out that the channel coding intelligence by increasing the “redundancy” to reduce the effective bit transmission rate to realize. In coded sequence, “redundancy” is the increase in parity check bits; in coded modulation, “redundancy” is the increase in constellation space. The ratio of the useful space to the coded space is the code rate r.

The ratio of the number of data bits to the number of data plus supervisory test bits in a coded sequence is the code rate r, and the additional supervisory test bits are the “residual” bits; the useful data space for coded modulation with spectral efficiency η = K(bps/Hz) is the constellation diagram of the 2^K constellation points, the coded space is the constellation diagram of the 2^K+l constellation points, and the extra 2^l constellation points are the “residual”, code rate . “residual” and the code rater = 2^–l.

According to Shannon information theory, Shannon channel coding that realizes the spectral efficiency η = K(bps/Hz) must use a constellation diagram with 2(K−log2r) constellation points whose number of constellation points, i.e., the number of output levels of the Shannon coding system, should grow with the (K−log2r) index!

The larger the residual, the lower the code rate r, the higher the Shannon coding gain, but the lower the effective bit rate. Such as from BCH, RS, TCM until Turbo, LDPC, Polar coding, etc. are used in this low code rate r, low bit rate coding. Unfortunately, the above coding due to the low code rate, the system spectral efficiency is very low, and are in the bit error rate 10^–5 when “approaching” the Shannon boundary. At lower bit error rate (<10^–5), they are all far away from the Shannon boundary, and there is an error floor, i.e., no matter how to improve the signal noise ratio, the error probability is no longer reduced. High bit rate and spectrally efficient Shannon coding will certainly never be found.

Utilizing the Ov principle, Prof. Li completely discarded Shannon's residual coding and modulation constellation diagrams, and only multiplexed waveforms without residual overlapping multiplexing of time, frequency, and spatial sequences of multiple-access waveform coding, whose immunity to interference is far superior to that of Shannon's coding. The average output power of the waveform coding system grows at most linearly with the spectral efficiency, and both theoretical and simulation results demonstrate that the threshold signal noise ratio required for the Ov system is indeed much lower than that of the Shannon system under the same conditions of spectral efficiency!

Large coverage (propagation distance as far as possible); high spectral efficiency (the smaller the occupied spectral resources, the better); high power efficiency (the smaller the occupied energy resources, the better); support for high-speed mobility; high confidentiality and security; high reliability.

people's demand for information is explosive, and the demand for communication capacity is also explosive growth, has grown from Kbps (kilobits per second) to Gbps (gigabits per second) to Tbps (terabits per second). And the achievable SNR is limited by environmental conditions can not be increased indefinitely, half should be satisfied E_b/N₀<43dB. Then, according to Shannon's boundaries, increasing the system capacity C can only be achieved by expanding the system bandwidth B and thus increasing the carrier frequency f_c . Also according to Maxwell's equation, the propagation loss of radio waves in free space decays with the square rate of the product of the carrier frequency f_c and the transmission distance r(f_cr)^-2. If the carrier frequency of the system is increased from f_c = 1GHz to f_c = 100GHz, the transmission loss will increase by a factor of 10,000 (40dB) at the same distance r ! In addition, as the carrier frequency f_c increases, the ground Doppler frequency spreads more and more, in addition to the coverage area is getting smaller and smaller, and the moving speed that the ground wireless system can support will be lower and lower. Nowadays, the development of 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G …… is in the trend of deterioration by G. The reality requires that the capacity of the communication system is getting higher and higher. The reality requires that the capacity of the communication system is getting higher and higher, but the coverage of the Shannon system is getting smaller and smaller, supporting the mobile speed is getting lower and lower, and the power consumption is getting bigger and bigger with the bandwidth widening. Power consumption is large in addition to the carrier frequency f_c increase, bandwidth expansion caused by the device itself, mainly because of the modern communication system are required to linear amplifier, there must be power back, power amplifier conversion efficiency itself is low, the higher the carrier frequency f_c , the wider the bandwidth, the power amplifier power consumption and cost is also higher.

using a carrier frequency of a few hundred MHz, which was optimal for terrestrial propagation, and occupying a bandwidth of 30 KHz. Despite the backwardness of the technology, it was able to cover a range of 5-10 kilometers and support speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour. Subsequent developments in mobile communication systems have been relatively advanced digital technologies, with mobile communication systems being updated about every 10 years from the second generation (2G) onwards, with 5G now being commercially available and 6G already under development.

mobile communication is constantly upgraded, the capacity provided by the mobile communication system, i.e., the highest transmission rate, every new generation than the previous generation of about an order of magnitude; occupies the bandwidth proportionally widened by an order of magnitude; bandwidth expansion of the consequences is the carrier frequency must be increased with it. The consequence of the carrier frequency increase is one generation more than one generation is more unsuitable for terrestrial mobile communication, the scope of the coverage of one generation more than one generation shrinks, 2G can still cover about 2-3Km. to 5G when there are only 200300m left; support mobile speed is more and more generation by generation reduction, from 2G 200300 km / h generation by generation shrinks to the basic requirements of the 5G does not support the mobile; base station and cell phone is more and more generation by generation atypical, such as the 5G Base station is power consumption is about 4G 3-4 times, coverage radius is only 4G 1/3-1/4. this is an indisputable fact, no need to repeat. According to the development of this trend, the future of mobile communications systems should be to carrier frequency higher, less suitable for mobile communications millimeter wave and terahertz band into. Consequences are bound to be the base station coverage will only be smaller, more difficult to support mobile state communications, cell phones and base stations will only be greater power consumption, so the development prospects are not complimentary. Unfortunately, at present, domestic and foreign mobile communications will inevitably millimeter-wave and terahertz and even laser frequency bands into the mainstream trend seems to have been lamentable and sad!

frequency domain, air domain three-dimensional coding can also be used in power synthesis to improve power efficiency, that is, in the Ov system, you can use a number of small power amplifiers to synthesize a high-power output, and non-Ov of today's Shannon system is absolutely not possible to do this.

Cover, recipient of the Shannon Centennial Award for Distinguished Contributions, finds that the capacity and spectral efficiency of a system of independently parallel Gaussian channels is equal to the sum of the independent parallel subchannels in a Gaussian noise interference environment. The system can have extremely high total capacity and spectral efficiency, and the performance is determined by the number of independent parallel channels and the total received signal-to-noise ratio.

An independent parallel Gaussian channel should have the following two basic characteristics:

Each sub-channel has independent transmission data independent of Gaussian noise;

A Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in a rich scattering channel is a naturally occurring independent parallel Gaussian channel transmission system, the principle of which will not be repeated. The number of independent parallel channels is equal to the smallest of the number of independent antennas at the transmitter and receiver, i.e., Min(T_T,T_R) , where T_T is the number of independent antennas at the transmitter end (the total transmitter energy increases linearly with T_T ) and T_R is the number of independent antennas at the receiver end, and the extra antennas will be designed to provide graded gain to improve the system performance. Apparently, by increasing Min(T_T,T_R) , the total system capacity and spectral efficiency can be increased “without limit”, but can this really be the case?

First of all, MIMO must rely on the rich scattering propagation environment, can only work in urban environments of high-density complexes and indoor and other rich scattering environments, for the poor scattering or even no scattering flat open environment, such as large areas of farmland, open plains and grasslands, the sea, airplanes and airplanes, airplanes and the ground, especially satellites, deep space, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other channels whose effectiveness will be lost or greatly reduced.

Secondly, MIMO must take up a lot of space resources, which seems to be less of a problem for mobile base stations, but what about cell phones? How many antennas can be placed on a small cell phone to meet the independence requirements? Some people say that we can consider cooperative communication, so that multiple cell phones work together to realize the receiving end of the multiple antennas. Is it possible to realize “cooperative” communication with multiple cellular phones? What if there are not many cell phones around? And how much extra resources does it take to get them to work together? Last but not least, people nowadays attach great importance to personal privacy, so why can't they refuse to provide service to others when they don't need to communicate with each other? Is there any danger that one's right to privacy will be compromised?

Finally, a MIMO system must have precisely known T_TT_R fading channel characteristics, which will force the system to provide at least T_TT_R “orthogonal” guides for measuring channel characteristics, consuming a huge amount of system resources that increase with the square law of MIMO size.

Is there an independent parallel Gaussian channel that requires only a single antenna for transmission and reception without the disadvantages of MIMO mentioned above? OVXDM, guided by the principle of overlap multiplexing, is the solution, eliminating the need for numerous frequency guides and providing extremely high capacity and spectral efficiency. Since OVXDM implements Gaussianized overlap multiplexing on its parallel input data symbols, and the independence of the shifted Gaussian noise itself, OVXDM has all the two core features and four features mentioned above for independent parallel Gaussian channel, and OVXDM's threshold SNR only grows linearly with the channel capacity and the spectral efficiency, and its system capacity and the spectral efficiency grows linearly with the received SNR, all of which are consistent with MIMO. growth, all of which are known with MIMO. The author fully demonstrates that OVXDM is indeed an independent parallel Gaussian channel transmission system under Gaussian white noise interference environment.The independence of MIMO subchannels is formed by the independent complex Gaussian fading of the subchannels, whereas the independent Gaussianity of the OVXDM subchannels is formed by the independence of the subchannels' Gaussian noises and the overlapping multiplexing of Gaussianization of their parallel independent data symbols. It is valuable that it is not limited by propagation conditions and can work in any channel, both fading and non-fading channels, and the above limitations for practical MIMO systems will disappear!

This seems to have become the consensus of the US-led Western bloc and domestic forces following the West, who believe that the potential of the Shannon theory has been nearly exhausted, and that in addition to MIMO, moving to higher frequency bands and further expanding the system bandwidth is the way out (see their 6G white paper).

The transmission distance of mobile communication should be as large as possible, and the bypass penetration ability should be very strong. Millimeter-wave terahertz and even laser band transmission loss is very great, no penetration ability, no bypass ability, atmospheric composition, leaves, dust, haze, water vapor, etc., its absorption loss is very large, blindly tracking the West, refused to resist new theories and new technologies to the high frequency band forward will only lead the country's mobile communications to extinction.

Only in the Ov principle of waveform coding theory, under the guidance of a substantial increase in the narrow bandwidth suitable for mobile communications, lower frequency band spectral efficiency, increase the capacity of the Ov system does not need to widen the bandwidth, higher carrier frequency, all the Shannon theory under the guidance of the system is impossible to solve the contradictions in the Ov system can be solved.

They are a cover for maintaining space hegemony, espionage, military use and seizure of orbital and frequency resources under the guise of claiming to be able to provide global wireless Internet services using tens of thousands of low- orbiting satellites. A measure of wireless Internet quality is the maximum number of gigabits per second (Gbps/Km2 ) per square kilometer. 4G, for example, has a carrier frequency of a few GHz (5Ghz as an example) covering about 1Km (1Km as an example). Star Chain, Star Shield satellite from the ground at least 330Km, otherwise it will fall down quickly, the transmission distance is at least 330 times that of 4G, the free space loss in the same frequency band is at least 100,000 times higher than that of 4G (≥50dB). For this reason, the star chain, star shield satellite two sections have to use high gain antennas, which in turn proportionally reduce its coverage, mobile interconnection indicators Gbps/Km2 unchanged. Transmission loss is extremely large, mobile, mobile interconnection index Gbps/Km2 is far lower than the ground mobile network is the root cause of its inability to provide global 6G wireless interconnection services. As of August 1, 2023, China has built nearly 4 million terrestrial 5G base stations, has not yet covered ten percent of the country, a few tens of thousands of small microsatellites away from the earth can provide global 6G Internet services? A fool's errand, right? The Americans claimed success in its transceiver two sections are using directional antennas in the laboratory, a little specialized knowledge of the people understand that the success of individual cases can not confirm its inability to provide 6G services to as many as billions of users around the world in essence, can not cover up the pollution of space, the creation of a huge amount of space debris, and military, espionage, seize the frequency, the space orbit resources, the maintenance of hegemony in space of the wolf's ambitions.

It is the economic traversal means of 1G-5G for users in large densely populated areas, but it can not cover all environments, especially it can not provide services in some special and harsh environments, such as vast oceans, high mountainous areas, underwater, ground to underwater, bridges and tunnels, and underground and other special environments. In the future, Ov technology should be used to transform it into an ultra-high-capacity network.

The space satellite network can provide global services especially in some special environments, for this reason, it is necessary that the ultra-high- capacity satellite backbone network should be combined with the ultra-high-capacity terrestrial fiber optic cable + wireless backbone network, stratospheric backbone network, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network, ground-to-water underwater network, underwater communication network and so on to form a wide-area integrated ultra-high-capacity Ov-info network in the sky, in the air, on the ground, and under the water.

Millimeter wave, terahertz and even laser should be used for links between most satellite network nodes (including stratospheric or terrestrial fiber-optic cable + wireless network nodes, hereinafter the same) that do not require wide-area coverage. Their wavelengths are extremely short, available very small size antennas to provide star-to-star, star-to-ground or ground base station between the very narrow beam high antenna gain point-to-point links to make up for their transmission loss of large coverage of the small shortcomings of the satellite network of the core node is responsible for linking with the stratospheric or terrestrial fiber optic cable + wireless network, the stratosphere or terrestrial fiber optic cable + wireless network nodes are exactly the same. Millimeter-wave, terahertz, and lasers have extremely wide available bandwidths and can provide very large capacity. Satellites, stratospheric, terrestrial fiber optic + wireless, terrestrial-to-submarine, and underwater can complement each other to form a powerful integrated wide-area Ov information network. They (including non-wireless terrestrial and underwater fiber-optic cable networks) should be ultra-large-capacity networks using Ov technology, and satellite networks and stratospheric and terrestrial Ov networks can complement each other to form a powerful integrated Ov information network in the air and the sky.

As for the topology of the network, it should not follow Musk's simple chain, but should be the best lattice structure. Due to Musk one-sided pursuit of low orbit, low cost, have to use small micro-satellite, low orbit will make its satellite life is very short, must constantly launch new stars to replenish, small micro-satellite solar panels and antenna size is not likely to be large, the transmitter power is not likely to be high, transmitter antenna gain will not be too high, resulting in the user must be configured with high gain antenna. Coupled with the relative high-speed movement of satellites, and ground communications can only be high-speed chain switching between the stars, switching and consume a lot of resources, and low-cost small micro-satellite and have to use relatively backward and simple signal processing and handover switching technology, the star processing capacity is not likely to be high, and can not be realized on- demand jumping between the satellites to interconnection and interoperability.

Therefore, our space network should be composed of satellite Ov-networks with ultra-high capacity guided by the principle of overlap multiplexing, which may be deployed in low, medium, and high orbits, respectively, as needed, and in the next section are my suggestions for other compositions of an integrated Ov-network of heaven, earth, and space.

Stratosphere is 35Km-55Km from the ground in the atmosphere, the temperature is basically constant (-55 °C or so, also known as the stratosphere), the air velocity is stable and very slow, can make the airships for a long time relatively fixed in the high altitude, its altitude will not be higher than the orbiting satellites of the 1/10, the ground communication transmission loss will not be higher than the low-orbit satellites of the 1/100 (20dB), which applies to a variety of frequency bands. Airship cost is very low, the volume can be very large, especially tethered airships, and the ground with fiber optic cables and cable links, it is easy to deploy ultra-high-power, large size antennae, ultra-high-capacity stratospheric communication and detection network. Use it to implement the ground detection, can get far more than the satellite detection of the fineness of the image, as a mobile communication base station, preliminary estimates in the Ov system, only need to configure no more than 3G base station airships can be realized in all of the country and territorial sea coverage. Due to the different networking methods with the ground base station, the base station is all high gain downward narrow beam, not the ground base station low gain horizontal wide beam, the signal level in the coverage area is more uniform relative to the ground base station, basically can not consider the interference between base stations, antenna gain can be much higher than the ground base station, cell phones do not need additional configuration of the directional antenna, the automobile, high-speed railroads, airplanes, missiles, sea vessels, etc., including the quality of the users provide Far beyond 5G, far beyond the star chain, star shield of the Internet and special services, stratospheric airship base station can completely replace the traditional ground mobile base station, and floods and earthquakes and other natural disasters will not affect its work, can keep the communication has a higher reliability. In addition, with little additional cost, it can jam or block out the Musk Starlink and local satellites located above it. Because it is higher than all airborne vehicles, it has virtually no effect on their flights, and can be deployed intensively over key areas during war to intercept and provide real-time warning of attacks from space.

Although the existing ultra-long-wave communication system guided by Shannon's theory can realize such communication, its capacity is still very low, and with the adoption of the Ov principle system, it is entirely possible to increase its capacity by one or two orders of magnitude over the existing system.

Although the capacity of existing sonar communication systems under Shannon's theory is still very low and the transmission range is very limited, it is entirely possible to increase its transmission range by one or two orders of magnitude and its capacity by one or two orders of magnitude over the existing system with the adoption of the Ov principle system.

The ionosphere is an atmospheric layer from 50Km to 100Km from the ground, and because the atmosphere in this layer is ionized by solar radiation, it has a scattering effect on electromagnetic waves of short-wave frequency, which can realize long-range communication over several thousand Km. Although the capacity of the existing ionospheric scattering communication system under the guidance of Shannon's theory is very low, after adopting the system of Ov principle, it is completely possible to enhance its capacity by one or two orders of magnitude compared with the existing system.

The troposphere is an atmospheric layer from 8Km to 18Km from the ground, and due to the inhomogeneity of the convective air mass, it scatters electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, allowing long-distance communications over thousands of Km. Although the capacity of the existing tropospheric scattering communication system guided by Shannon's theory is not high enough, it is entirely possible to increase its capacity by one or two orders of magnitude over the existing system with the adoption of the system based on the Ov principle.

The low cost of drones and the fact that they can fly at altitudes ranging from near the ground up to the stratosphere allow for the establishment of emergency high-capacity communication networks anywhere and at any time.

F, G, H three to ensure that China's wartime and emergency communications is essential. The above networks are all established under the guidance of the Ov principle, the final formation of a comprehensive wide-area Ov information network is able to provide information services to the global network, a variety of networks are indispensable.