Attribution of Cyber Operations: Technical, Legal and Political Perspectives

The article deals with the issue of attribution of cyber operations from the technical, legal and political point of view. The first part is devoted to the possibilities of technical attribution, which have increased significantly in connection with the development of technology and the sharing of information about attackers. The second part discusses the issue of legal attribution for purposes of state responsibility under international law, with attention also given to the burden of proof and standard of proof. The third part briefly summarizes the problem of political attribution and the possibility of establishing an international attribution mechanism.