Acceso abierto

Exploring variation in English as a lingua franca: Multivariate analysis of modal verbs of obligation and necessity in the VOICE corpus

   | 28 may 2024

Cite

Anthony, Laurence. 2021. AntConc (Version 3.5.9) [Computer software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software. Search in Google Scholar

Bailey, Guy, Tom Wikle, Jan Tillery and Lori Sand. 1991. The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change 3 (3): 241–264. Search in Google Scholar

Biewer, Carolin. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English. In J. Mukherjee and M. Hundt (eds.). Exploring second-language varieties of English and learner Englishes: Bridging a paradigm gap, 7–33. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Coates, Jennifer. 1983. The semantics of the modal auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm. Search in Google Scholar

Collins, Peter. 2005. The modals and quasi-modals of obligation and necessity in Australian English and other Englishes. English World-Wide 26: 249–273. Search in Google Scholar

Collins, Peter. 2009. Modals and quasi-modals in world Englishes. World Englishes 28 (3): 281–292. Search in Google Scholar

Collins, Peter and Yao Xinyue. 2012. Modals and quasi-modals in new Englishes. In M. Hundt and U. Gut (eds.). Mapping unity and diversity world-wide. Corpus-based studies of new Englishes, 35–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Depraetere, Ilse and An Verhulst. 2008. Source of modality: A reassessment. English Language and Linguistics 12 (1): 1–25. Search in Google Scholar

Depraetere, Ilse and Susan Reed. 2020. Mood and modality in English. In B. Aarts, A. McMahon and L. Hinrichs (eds.). The handbook of English linguistics, 207–227. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. Search in Google Scholar

Depraetere, Ilse, Bert Cappelle and Martin Hilpert. 2023. Introduction. In S. Fitzmaurice and B. Kortmann (eds.). Models of modals: From pragmatics and corpus linguistics to machine learning, 1–13. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. Search in Google Scholar

Deshors, Sandra C. 2020. English as a lingua franca: A random forests approach to particle placement in multi-speaker interactions. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 30 (2): 214–231. Search in Google Scholar

Dewey, Martin. 2007. English as a lingua franca: An empirical study of innovation in lexis and grammar. Doctoral dissertation, King’s College London. Search in Google Scholar

Flach, Susanne, Bert Cappelle and Martin Hilpert. 2023. You must/have to choose: Experimenting with choices between near-synonymous modals. In S. Fitzmaurice and B. Kortmann (eds.). Models of modals: From pragmatics and corpus linguistics to machine learning, 149–176. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. Search in Google Scholar

Gries, Stefan Th. 2015. The most under-used statistical method in corpus-linguistics: Multi-level (and mixed-effects) models. Corpora 10 (1): 95–125. Search in Google Scholar

Hansen, Beke. 2018. Corpus linguistics and sociolinguistics: A study of variation and change in the modal systems of world Englishes. Leiden/Boston: Brill. Search in Google Scholar

Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticization. In E. Traugott and B. Heine (eds.). Approaches to grammaticalization. Vol. 1: Focus on theoretical and methodological issues, 17–35. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Jankowski, Bridget. 2004. A transatlantic perspective of variation and change in English deontic modality. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 23: 85–113. Search in Google Scholar

Jenkins, Jennifer. 2009. English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes. World Englishes 28 (2): 200–207. Search in Google Scholar

Kirkpatrick, Andy. 2013. The Asian corpus of English: Motivation and aims. Learner Corpus Studies in Asia and the World 1: 17–30. Search in Google Scholar

Krug, Manfred G. 2000. Emerging English modals: A corpus-based study of grammaticalization. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19 (3): 273–309. Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1994. Principles of linguistic change. Vol. 1: Internal factors. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change Vol. 2: Social factors. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. Search in Google Scholar

Laitinen, Mikko. 2016. Ongoing changes in English modals: On the developments in ELF. In O. Timofeeva, A. Gardner, A. Honkapohja and S. Chevalier (eds.). New approaches in English linguistics: Building bridges (Studies in language companion series 177), 175–196. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Laitinen, Mikko. 2020. Empirical perspectives on English as a lingua franca (ELF) grammar. World Englishes 39 (3): 427–442. Search in Google Scholar

Laitinen, Mikko and Jonas Lundberg. 2020. ELF, language change and social networks: Evidence from real-time social media data. In A. Mauranen and S. Vetchinnikova (eds.). Language change: The impact of English as a lingua franca, 179–204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Leech, Geoffrey. 2003. Modality on the move: The English modal auxiliaries 1961–1992. In R. Facchinetti, M. Krug and F. Palmer (eds.). Modality in contemporary English, 223–240. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter. Search in Google Scholar

Leech, Geoffrey. 2011. The modals ARE declining: Reply to Neil Millar’s “Modal verbs in TIME: Frequency changes 1923–2006”, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 14 (2), 191–220 (2009). International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 16 (4): 547–564. Search in Google Scholar

Leech, Geoffrey and Nicholas Smith. 2009. Change and constancy in linguistic change: How grammatical usage in written English evolved in the period 1931–1991. In A. Renouf and A. Kehoe (eds.). Corpus linguistics: Refinements and reassessments, 173–200. Leiden/Boston: Brill. Search in Google Scholar

Levshina, Natalia. 2015. How to do linguistics with R: Data exploration and statistical analysis. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Levshina, Natalia. 2022. Comparing Bayesian and frequentist models of language variation: The case of help + (to-)infinitive. In O. Schützler and J. Schlüter (eds.). Data and methods in corpus linguistics – Comparative approaches, 224–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Loureiro-Porto, Lucía. 2016. (Semi-)modals of necessity in Hong Kong and Indian Englishes. In E. Seoane and C. Suárez-Gómez (eds.). World Englishes: New theoretical and methodological considerations, 143–172. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Loureiro-Porto, Lucía. 2019. Grammaticalization of semi-modals of necessity in Asian Englishes. English World-Wide 40 (2): 115–143. Search in Google Scholar

Mair, Christian. 2009. Corpus linguistics meets sociolinguistics: The role of corpus evidence in the study of sociolinguistic variation and change. In A. Renouf and A. Kehoe (eds.). Corpus linguistics: Refinements and reassessments, 7–32. Leiden/Boston: Brill. Search in Google Scholar

Mauranen, Anna. 2011. Learners and users – Who do we want data from? In F. Meunier, S. Kock, G. Gilquin and M. Paquot (eds.). A taste for corpora. In honour of Sylviane Granger, 155–171. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Mauranen, Anna. 2018a. Second Language Acquisition, world Englishes, and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). World Englishes 37 (1): 106–119. Search in Google Scholar

Mauranen, Anna. 2018b. Conceptualizing ELF. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker and M. Dewey (eds.). The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca, 7–24. London: Routledge. Search in Google Scholar

Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy. 1985. Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21: 339–384. Search in Google Scholar

Osimk-Teasdale, Ruth. 2017. Analysing ELF variability. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker and M. Dewey (eds.). The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca, 201–209. London: Routledge. Search in Google Scholar

R Core Team. 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at: https://www.R-project.org/. Search in Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2012. Exploring the interface between world Englishes and Second Language Acquisition – and implications for English as a Lingua Franca. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 1 (1): 57–91. Search in Google Scholar

Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2004. Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24: 209–239. Search in Google Scholar

Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2013. Understanding English as a lingua franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, Devyani. 2017. World Englishes and sociolinguistic theory. In M. Filppula, J. Klemola and D. Sharma (eds.). The Oxford handbook of World Englishes, 232–251. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Nicholas. 2003. Changes in the modals and semi-modals of strong obligation and epistemic necessity in recent British English. In R. Facchinetti, M. Krug and F. Palmer (eds.). Modality in contemporary English, 241–267. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter. Search in Google Scholar

Suárez-Gómez, Cristina and Elena Seoane. 2023. The role of age and gender in grammatical variation in world Englishes. World Englishes 42: 327–343. Search in Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2004. Have to, gotta, must. In C. Mair and H. Lindquist (eds.). Corpus approaches to grammaticalization in English, 33–55. John Benjamins. Search in Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Alexandra D’Arcy. 2007. The modals of obligation/necessity in Canadian perspective. English World-Wide 28 (1): 47–87. Search in Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, Sali A. and R. Harald Baayen. 2012. Models, forests, and trees of York English: Was/were variation as a case study for statistical practice. Language Variation and Change 24 (2): 135–178. Search in Google Scholar

Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1989. On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. Language 65 (1): 31–55. Search in Google Scholar

Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Richard B. Dasher. 2002. Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Van Rooy, Bertus. 2010. Social and linguistic perspectives on variability in world Englishes. World Englishes 29 (1): 3–20. Search in Google Scholar

VOICE 2013. The Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (version 2.0 online). https://voice2.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/index.xql (last accessed 31 October 2023). Search in Google Scholar

Widdowson, Henry George. 2017. Historical perspectives on ELF. In J. Jenkins, W. Baker and M. Dewey (eds.). The Routledge handbook of English as a lingua franca, 101–112. London: Routledge. Search in Google Scholar

Winter, Bodo. 2020. Statistics for linguists: An introduction using R. London: Routledge. Search in Google Scholar