Blockchain and IoT in Smart Agriculture: Analysis, Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Research Directions
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20 feb 2025
Acerca de este artículo
Publicado en línea: 20 feb 2025
Páginas: 104 - 119
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ias-2024-0008
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© 2024 Fatma MARZOUGUI et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Smartphone agricultural applications description
| Applications Name | Category | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Precision Ag Apps | Agriculture Calculator Apps | Soil Sampling | Agriculture Management Information Apps | Commodity Pricing Apps | News and Weather Information App | |
| Farm Progress Growing Degree Days | ✓ | |||||
| Farm calculators | ✓ | |||||
| Ag PhD Soybean Diseases | ✓ | |||||
| Blend Calculators | ||||||
| Soil App | ✓ | |||||
| Farm Future | ✓ | |||||
| SOIL Sampler | ✓ | |||||
| Agri Zone | ✓ | |||||
| Farm Manager | ✓ | |||||
| Farma Partner | ✓ | |||||
| Agriapp | ✓ | |||||
| Farm Progress Growing | ✓ | |||||
| Ag mobile | ✓ | |||||
Related existing research work based on the adoption of IoT and blockchain in precision agriculture
| Survey Paper | Year of Publication | Use Case / Contributions | Technology |
|---|---|---|---|
| [ |
2016 | Smart security and monitoring devices for agricultural sector | IoT |
| [ |
2017 | AGRO-TECH : A digital model for monitoring soil and crops | IoT/Blockchain Cloud Computing. |
| [ |
2021 | Smart contract/Smart agriculture | Blockchain /IoT |
| [ |
2021 | The Digital Agricultural Revolution | AI; Big Data;Cloud Computing; Robotics; IoT and Blockchain |
| [ |
2018 | Green Agriculture System | IoT and Processing Techniques |
| [ |
2018 | Fog Computing Security Architecture | IoT/Blockchain |
| [ |
2019 | DeepChain | Deep Learning with Blockchain |
| [ |
2019 | A platform for agriculture smart contracts | NEO blockchain |
| [ |
2020 | Smart-Agriculture | IoT |
| [ |
2020 | Smart Indoor Farming Management System | Assistant Robot and Mobile App |
| [ |
2021 | Novel Hydration System for Smart Agriculture | IoT |
| [ |
2021 | BIoT : IoT-based system to monitor agricultural fields | Blockchain based IoT |
| [ |
2021 | Secure Trust Model Enable Smart agriculture | Blockchain for Internet of Things |
| [ |
2022 | Cyber-Security | IoT based on ANN |
Synthesis of research work on the adoption of blockchain in smart agriculture
| Survey Paper | Year of Publication | Use Case / Contributions | Technology |
|---|---|---|---|
| [ |
2017 | Supply Chain Quality Management | Blockchain |
| [ |
2017 | Farm Overseeing/Monitoring system for water distributions | Blockchain |
| [ |
2018 | Supply Chain | Double Blockchain chain system |
| [ |
2018 | Farm Overseeing | Blockchain |
| [ |
2019 | Food Supply Chain Management | Blockchain |
| [ |
2020 | Supply Chain Management | Blockchain |
| [ |
2021 | Supply Chain Management | Blockchain based system with IoT |
| [ |
2022 | Supply Chain Management | Blockchain |
| [ |
2022 | Supply Chain System | Blockchain |
Comparison of IoT platforms [45][46]
| Platform Name | Microsoft | IBM | Amazon |
|---|---|---|---|
| IoT Hub | IBM Watson IoT | AWS IoT | |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| AMQP;HTTP | MQTT | Web Sockets | |
| Open source SDK | Yes | Open SDK | |
| TLS | TLS | X.509 | |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes with HD Insight | ---- | Yes with Amazon EMR | |
| Yes/API (managed Service) | ---- | Yes | |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Manual/Partners | Manual/Partners | Manual/Partners |
Synthesis of the various previous works for adoption of Internet of Things in smart agriculture
| Survey Paper | Year of Publication | Use Case / Contributions | Technology |
|---|---|---|---|
| [ |
2017 | smart farming | IoT |
| [ |
2018 | Urban Smart Farming Device | |
| [ |
2019 | Precision Farming | IoT |
| [ |
2020 | Smart Indoor Farming (using robot and mobile app) | IoT |
| [ |
2020 | Smart farm and monitoring system | IoT |
| [ |
2021 | Smart farming | IoT |
| [ |
2021 | Smart farming environment | Robotic and IoT |
| [ |
2022 | Smart farming | IoT |
| [ |
2022 | Smart web of farms | IoT |
Comparison of blockchain platforms [51] [52]
| Platform Name | Ethereum | Hyperledger Fabric | Coco |
|---|---|---|---|
| Description of platform | Generic blockchain platform | Modular blockchain platform | Blockchain ledger framework |
| Programming Language | Solidity | Go,Java | Different languages for smart contracts |
| Governance | Ethereum developers | Linux Foundation | Microsoft |
| Open source | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Consensus | Mining based on Proof-of-Work ledger level | Broad understanding of consensus that allows multiple approaches; Transaction Level | Caesar consensus or other consensus algorithms |
| Smart Contracts | Smart contract code | Smart Contract code | Enterprise smart Contract |
| Currency | Ether Tokens via smart contract | None Tokens Via chaincode | None |
| Per missioning | No | Fine-grained permissions | Coarse-grained permissions |
| Transaction Confirmation Time | ~12 sec | “Instantaneous” | “Instantaneous” |
| Transaction Cost | A fee must be paid | No fee | There’s a cost in credits currency |
| Privacy | No | Yes | Yes |