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Seed Priming with Ulva lactuca L. in Cultivars Grown in Martian and Lunar Regolith Analogues

Jéssica Carneiro Oliveira

Jéssica Carneiro Oliveira

  • Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM) and Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)
  • Blue Marble Space Institute of ScienceSeattle, United States
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Carneiro Oliveira, Jéssica
, 
Renato Crespo Pereira

Renato Crespo Pereira

Department of Marine Biology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pereira, Renato Crespo
, 
Taylor Sawyer Johnson

Taylor Sawyer Johnson

Winston-Salem State UniversityWinston-Salem, United States
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Sawyer Johnson, Taylor
 y 
Rafael Loureiro

Rafael Loureiro

  • Blue Marble Space Institute of ScienceSeattle, United States
  • Winston-Salem State UniversityWinston-Salem, United States
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Loureiro, Rafael
  
09 jun 2024
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Categoría del artículo: Research Note
Publicado en línea: 09 jun 2024
Páginas: 77 - 93
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2024-0006
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© 2024 Jéssica Carneiro Oliveira et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Germination percentage of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and in treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 of U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Germination percentage of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and in treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 of U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 2.

Percentage of the emergence of seedlings of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C) e C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Percentage of the emergence of seedlings of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C) e C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 3.

Percentage of germination of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Percentage of germination of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 4.

Percentage of the emergence of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Percentage of the emergence of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 5.

Germination speed and seedling emergence of cultivars developed in lunar and Martian regolith when treatment was applied at concentrations of 0.2 g · L−1and 0.4 g · L−1.
Germination speed and seedling emergence of cultivars developed in lunar and Martian regolith when treatment was applied at concentrations of 0.2 g · L−1and 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 6.

Contents of phytohormones in seeds of P. sativum (pmol/FW) with mean and standard deviation. PeM: Martian regolith pea. PeM0.2: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeM0.4: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PeL: Lunar regolith pea. PeL0.2: Pea lunar regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeL0.4: Pea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones in seeds of P. sativum (pmol/FW) with mean and standard deviation. PeM: Martian regolith pea. PeM0.2: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeM0.4: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PeL: Lunar regolith pea. PeL0.2: Pea lunar regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeL0.4: Pea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 7.

Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. annum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: PpM: Pepper Martian regolith. PpM0.2: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1.PpM0.4: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PpL: Lunar regolith pepper. PpL0.2: Lunar regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PpL0.4: Lunar regolith pepper with concentration 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. annum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: PpM: Pepper Martian regolith. PpM0.2: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1.PpM0.4: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PpL: Lunar regolith pepper. PpL0.2: Lunar regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PpL0.4: Lunar regolith pepper with concentration 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 8.

Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of L. sativa with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: LeM: Lettuce Martian regolith. LeM0.2: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeM0.4: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. LeL: Lunar regolith lettuce. LeL0.2: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeL0.4: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of L. sativa with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: LeM: Lettuce Martian regolith. LeM0.2: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeM0.4: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. LeL: Lunar regolith lettuce. LeL0.2: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeL0.4: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 9.

Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. arietinum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. CpM: Martian regolith chickpea. CpM0.2: Martian chickpea regolith concentration of 0.2 g g · L−1. CpM0.4 chickpea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. CpL: lunar regolith chickpea. CpL0.2: lunar regolith chickpea concentration of 0.2 g. g · L−1. CpL0.4: chickpea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. arietinum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. CpM: Martian regolith chickpea. CpM0.2: Martian chickpea regolith concentration of 0.2 g g · L−1. CpM0.4 chickpea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. CpL: lunar regolith chickpea. CpL0.2: lunar regolith chickpea concentration of 0.2 g. g · L−1. CpL0.4: chickpea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 10.

Hypothetical model representing the interaction of secondary metabolites of U. lactuca and their phytohormone precursors as plant growth regulators.
Hypothetical model representing the interaction of secondary metabolites of U. lactuca and their phytohormone precursors as plant growth regulators.

Estimated cost per kg of macroalgae extract_

Payload Cost Author Total Cost per kg
$4,000.00–$40,000.00 Ehlmann et al. (2005) $50,968.00 – $1,760,000
$1,000.00–$5,000.00 (regular) Zuniga et al. (2015) $14,160.00 – $60,000.00 (Regular)
$5,000.00–$10,000.00 (long-term) $70,000.00 – $144,200.00 (long-term)
$200.00–$300.00 Heldmann et al. (2022) $13,360.00 – $21,120.00

Controlled conditions were maintained in an incubator for seed germination assays in terrestrial soil samples and simulated lunar and Martian regolith_

Conditions Day Night
Photoperiod 16:00 h 8:00 h
Temperature 23 °C 18 °C
Relative Humidity 70% 70%
CO2 400 ppm – 1000 ppm 1000 ppm
Light ~ 400 μmol · m−2 · s−1HPLED N/A

U_ lactuca qualitative analysis_

Chemical class Compounds
Alkaloids Vincadifformin
Quinines
Terpenoids Neophytadiene
Phytol
Lactaropallidin
Flavonoids Lucenin 2
Quercetin 7.3′,4′-Trimethoxy
Steroids Digitoxigenin
Fatty acids 5-Octadecenal
Erucic Acid
9-Octadecenoic acid
1-Tricosanol
n-Hexadecanoic acid
Myristate Isopropyl
Phenols Uncharacterized
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