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Alien trees and shrubs of Latvia – evaluation of current status and invasiveness

Gunta Evarte-Bundere
Gunta Evarte-Bundere
, 
Pēteris Evarts-Bunders
Pēteris Evarts-Bunders
, 
Anna Mežaka
Anna Mežaka
 y 
Aiva Bojāre
Aiva Bojāre
   | 20 feb 2023
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Article Category: Research paper
Publicado en línea: 20 feb 2023
Páginas: 1 - 20
Recibido: 12 ene 2022
Aceptado: 02 feb 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2022-0001
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© 2022 Gunta Evarte-Bundere et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The locations of the studied dendrological plantations in Latvia.
The locations of the studied dendrological plantations in Latvia.

Figure 2

Share of the assessed species by origin.
Share of the assessed species by origin.

Figure 3

Distribution of alien trees and shrubs by invasiveness status.
Distribution of alien trees and shrubs by invasiveness status.

Figure 4

Number of studied tree and shrub taxa among invasiveness statuses and risk classes.
Number of studied tree and shrub taxa among invasiveness statuses and risk classes.

Figure 5

Number of studied tree and shrub taxa among origins and risk classes.
Number of studied tree and shrub taxa among origins and risk classes.

Figure 6

Contributing associations between species invasiveness risk classes (High, Intermediate, Low) and species statuses (Transformer, Invasive, Casual, Dual, Natural) (A) and species invasiveness risk classes and species reproduction strategies (Seeds, Vegetative, Seeds/Vegetative) (B) based on Pearson’s residuals obtained from the Chi-squared test results. The colour map refers to Pearson’s residual values and the circle size refers to the magnitude of positive or negative associations.
Contributing associations between species invasiveness risk classes (High, Intermediate, Low) and species statuses (Transformer, Invasive, Casual, Dual, Natural) (A) and species invasiveness risk classes and species reproduction strategies (Seeds, Vegetative, Seeds/Vegetative) (B) based on Pearson’s residuals obtained from the Chi-squared test results. The colour map refers to Pearson’s residual values and the circle size refers to the magnitude of positive or negative associations.

j.fsmu-2022-0001.apptab.001

No Species Family First reported in the area Origin Status of alien taxa Vector Type of spreading Species distribution in Latvia (grid cells) Invasiveness risk Risk class
1. Abies alba Mill. Pinaceae 1817 Europe casual H s 150 22 II
2. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Pinaceae 1805 N America casual H s 172 24 II
3. Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. Pinaceae 1888 N America casual H s 147 24 II
4. Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach Pinaceae 1867 Europe casual H s 22 24 II
5. Abies sibirica Ledeb. Pinaceae 1856 Asia casual H s 362 21 II
6. Abies × phanerolepis Fernald Pinaceae - N America casual H s 204 23 II
7. Acer barbinerve Maxim. Aceraceae 1957 East Asia casual H s 8 22 II
8. Acer campestre L. Aceraceae 1805 Europe, Asia Minor casual H s 73 26 II
9. Acer circinatum Pursh Aceraceae 1963 N America casual H s 8 22 II
10. Acer mono Maxim. var. mayrii (Schwer.) Nakai Aceraceae 1969 East Asia casual H s 5 22 II
11. Acer negundo L. Aceraceae 1817 N America transformer H s/v 498 34 III
12. Acer palmatum Thunb. subsp. amoenum (Carriėre) Hara Aceraceae 1958 Eurasia casual H s 1 21 II
13. Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’ Aceraceae - Cultivar casual H s 17 24 II
14. Acer platanoides ‘Schwedleri’ Aceraceae 1883 Cultivar casual H s 44 26 II
15. Acer pseudoplatanus L. Aceraceae 1804 Eurasia invasive H s 210 31 III
16. Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Purpurascens’ Aceraceae 1805 Cultivar invasive H s 17 29 III
17. Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom. Aceraceae - East Asia casual H s 10 24 II
18. Acer saccharinum L. Aceraceae 1805 N America casual H s 119 25 II
19. Acer tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm. Aceraceae 1876 Eurasia casual H s 280 29 III
20. Acer tataricum L. subsp. tataricum Aceraceae 1805 Eurasia casual H s 178 27 II
21. Acer tegmentosum Maxim. Aceraceae 1880 Eurasia casual H s 9 22 II
22. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Hippocastanaceae 1805 Europe, Asia Minor casual H s 996 20 I
23. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch Rosaceae 1888 N America invasive H s 1235 31 III
24. Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. Araliaacee 1877 East Asia casual H v 38 20 I
25. Aronia × prunifolia ‘Floribunda’ Rosaceae 1902 Cultivar invasive H s/v 371 27 II
26. Artemisia abrotanum L. Asteraceae - Europe casual H - 178 21 II
27. Berberis thunbergii DC Berberidaceae 1880 East Asia casual H s 324 26 II
28. Berberis vulgaris ‘Atropurpurea’ Berberidaceae - Cultivar casual H s - 26 II
29. Caragana arborescens Lam. Fabaceae 1805 East Asia invasive H s/v 1256 28 III
30. Caragana frutex (L.) K. Koch Fabaceae 1817 Eurosibiria invasive H s/v 269 26 II
31. Carpinus betulus L. Corylaceae - Europe dual status H s 190 21 II
32. Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Celastraceae 1873 East Asia casual H s/v 60 29 III
33. Cerasus avium (L.) Moench Rosaceae 1778 Europe, Asia Minor invasive F s/v 314 25 II
34. Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall. Rosaceae 1930 East Asia casual F s/v 43 29 III
35. Cerasus vulgaris Mill. Rosaceae - Cultivar invasive F s/v - 29 III
36. Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lind. ex Spach Rosaceae 1867 East Asia casual F,H s 365 25 II
37. Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm. Fabaceae 1888 Europe, Siberia casual H s/v 21 25 II
38. Clematis recta L. Ranunculaceae 1976 Europe casual H s/v 12 27 II
39. Cotoneaster dammerii C. K. Schneid. Rosaceae 1960 East Asia casual H s 26 24 II
40. Cotoneaster lucidus Schlecht. Rosaceae 1884 Asia invasive H s 612 29 III
41. Cotoneaster multiflorus Bunge Rosaceae 1888 Asia casual H s 18 22 II
42. Crataegus alemanniensis Cinovskis Rosaceae 1971 Europe naturalized H s 358 25 II
43. Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Rosaceae 1867 N America casual H s 64 24 II
44. Crataegus flabellata (Bosc) K. Koch Rosaceae 1965 N America casual H s 71 24 II
45. Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC Rosaceae - Europe dual status H s - 25 II
46. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Rosaceae 1859 Europe casual H s 23 25 II
47. Crataegus submollis Sarg. Rosaceae 1856 N America casual H s 216 24 II
48. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Fabaceae 1892 Europe invasive H s 42 22 II
49. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Elaeagnaceae 1817 Eurasia casual H s/v 15 22 II
50. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. Elaeagnaceae 1877 N America invasive H s/v 187 31 III
51. Euonymus nanus M. Bieb. Celastraceae 1867 Eurasia casual H s/v 32 25 II
52. Fagus sylvatica L. Fagaceae 1805 Europe invasive H s 263 23 II
53. Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea Latifolia’ Fagaceae - Cultivar invasive H s - 24 II
54. Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Oleaceae 1880 East Asia casual H v 64 24 II
55. Forsythia × intermedia Zabel Oleaceae 1894 Cultivar casual H v 123 24 II
56. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marchall Oleaceae 1821 N America casual H s 117 24 II
57. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marchall var. subinetegerrima (Vahl) Fern. Oleaceae 1856 N America casual H s 117 24 II
58. Genista tinctoria L. Fabaceae 1805 Eurosibiria casual H s 23 20 I
59. Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. var. reclinata Grossulariaceae - Europe naturalized F s 481 27 II
60. Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. var. uva-crispa (L.) Berger Grossulariaceae - Europe naturalized F s - 24 II
61. Hedera helix L. var. helix Araliaceae 1817 Europe casual H v 41 18 I
62. Hedera hibernica (Kirchn.) Bean Araliaceae 1867 Europe casual H v 9 18 I
63. Hippophaë rhamnoides L. Elaeagnaceae 1817 Eurasia invasive F,H s/v 230 28 III
64. Hydrangea paniculata ‘Grandiflora’ Hydrangeaceae 1884 Cultivar casual H s 49 24 II
65. Hyssopus officinalis L. Labiatae - Europe casual F s - 19 I
66. Juglans ailanthifolia Carriėre Juglandaceae 1884 East Asia casual H s 52 27 II
67. Juglans cinerea L. Juglandaceae 1847 N America casual H s 242 27 II
68. Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Juglandaceae 1910 East Asia casual H s 119 27 II
69. Juniperus sabina L. Cupressaceae 1819 Eurasia casual H s 143 24 II
70. Larix decidua Mill. Pinaceae 1805 Europe naturalized H s 763 25 II
71. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Labiatae - Europe casual F,H s 7 16 I
72. Ligustrum vulgare L. Oleaceae 1805 Europe, Asia Minor naturalized H s 378 22 II
73. Lonicera caerulea L. Caprifoliaceae 1805 Eurasia casual H s 26 22 II
74. Lonicera caprifolium L. Caprifoliaceae 1805 Europe casual H s/v 377 24 II
75. Lonicera periclymenum L. Caprifoliaceae 1805 Europe casual H s/v 112 24 II
76. Lonicera tatarica L. Caprifoliaceae 1805 Eurasia naturalized H s 573 27 II
77. Lycium barbarum L. Solanaceae 1805 Eurasia casual H s/v 27 21 II
78. Mahonia aquifolium L. Berberidaceae 1853 N America casual H s 178 24 II
79. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Rosaceae 1805 East Asia casual H s 33 27 II
80. Malus domestica Borkh. Rosaceae 1778 Cultivar invasive F s 117 27 II
81. Malus pumila Mill. Rosaceae 1805 Cultivar casual H s 4 22 II
82. Malus × purpurea (Barbier) Rehder Rosaceae 1956 Cultivar casual H s 29 24 II
83. Malus sachalinensis Juz. Rosaceae 1959 East Asia casual H s 7 24 II
84. Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder Rosaceae 1885 East Asia casual H s 20 24 II
85. Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. Rosaceae 1888 Asia casual H s 27 24 II
86. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Aiton) Pursh. Ericaceae - N America casual F s - 27 II
87. Padus maackii (Rupr.) Kom. Rosaceae 1956 N America casual H s 28 23 II
88. Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh. Rosaceae 1805 N America casual H s 38 23 II
89. Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch Vitaceae 1929 N America casual H s/v 24 26 II
90. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Vitaceae 1847 N America invasive H s/v 210 31 III
91. Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L.) O. Schwarz Rosaceae - Cultivar dual status H s 86 24 II
92. Philadelphus coronarius L. Hydrangeaceae 1805 Europe casual H s 1229 21 II
93. Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. var. verrucosus (Schrad.) S.Y.Hu Hydrangeaceae 1856 N America casual H s 474 23 II
94. Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Rosaceae 1805 N America invasive H s/v 366 29 III
95. Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Pinaceae 1805 N America casual H s 194 24 II
96. Pinus mugo Turra Pinaceae 1805 Europe casual H s 103 22 II
97. Pinus strobus L. Pinaceae 1805 N America casual H,T s 166 27 II
98. Populus alba L. Salicaceae 1805 Eurasia invasive H s/v 451 27 II
99. Populus alba ‘Nivea’ Salicaceae - Cultivar casual H v - 26 II
100. Populus balsamifera L. Salicaceae 1805 N America naturalized H s/v 618 26 II
101. Populus × berolinensis K. Koch Salicaceae 1879 Europe casual H - 118 20 I
102. Populus × canadensis Moench Salicaceae - Cultivar naturalized H v 251 20 I
103. Populus × canescens (Aiton) Sm. Salicaceae - Europe, Asia Minor naturalized H v 173 20 I
104. Populus ‘Lettland’ Salicaceae - Cultivar invasive H v 349 20 I
105. Populus laurifolia Ledeb. Salicaceae 1856 Asia invasive H,T s/v 69 29 III
106. Populus longifolia Fisch. Salicaceae 1847 N America invasive H s/v 298 29 III
107. Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray Salicaceae 1913 N America casual H,T v 33 20 I
108. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. divaricata (Ledeb.) Bailey Rosaceae 1883 Europe, Asia Minor invasive F,H s/v 366 29 III
109. Prunus domestica L. var. instititia (L.) C.K. Schneid. Rosaceae 1888 Europe invasive F,H s/v 15 29 III
110. Prunus spinosa L. Rosaceae - Europe dual status H s/v - 27 II
111. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii Pinaceae 1888 N America casual H s 153 24 II
112. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco Pinaceae 1883 N America casual H s 162 24 II
113. Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach Juglandaceae 1867 Asia casual H v 14 20 I
114. Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae - Europe casual F s - 25 II
115. Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Fagaceae 1968 Europe casual H s 13 18 I
116. Quercus rubra L. Fagaceae 1859 N America invasive H,T s 183 27 II
117. Rododendron catawbiense Michx. Ericaceae 1872 N America casual H s 32 24 II
118. Rododendron japonicum (A.Gray) J.V. Suringar Ericaceae 1877 East Asia casual H s 50 24 II
119. Rhus typhina L. Anacardiaceae 1817 N America casual H v 152 20 I
120. Ribes nigrum L. Grossulariaceae - Eurasia dual status F v/s 1646 26 II
121. Ribes rubrum L. Grossulariaceae - Europe naturalized F s 1408 27 II
122. Robinia luxurians (Diec ex Goehabitatze) C.K. Schneid. Fabaceae 1909 N America invasive H s 67 22 II
123. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fabaceae 1805 N America invasive H s 323 25 II
124. Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Semperflorens’ Fabaceae - Cultivar invasive H s - 22 II
125. Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe Fabaceae 1961 N America invasive H s 45 22 II
126. Rosa glabrifolia C.A. Mey. ex Rupr. Rosaceae 1894 Europe, Siberia naturalized H s 172 24 II
127. Rosa glauca Pourr. Rosaceae 1888 Europe naturalized H s 195 27 II
128. Rosa × malyi A. Kern. Rosaceae - Cultivar invasive H s/v - 29 III
129. Rosa pimpinellifolia L. Rosaceae 1805 Cultivar invasive H s/v 1140 29 III
130. R. pomifera Herrm. subsp. pomifera Rosaceae 1894 Europe, Asia Minor casual H s 156 26 II
131. Rosa × regeliana Linden & Andr Rosaceae - Cultivar invasive H s/v - 31 III
132. Rosa rugosa Thunb. Rosaceae 1888 East Asia invasive H s/v 872 33 III
133. Rubus odoratus L. Rosaceae 1805 N America naturalized H s/v 64 24 II
134. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Rosaceae 1859 N America casual H s/v 15 24 II
135. Salix acutifolia Willd. Salicaceae - Europe dual status H s/v 510 27 II
136. Salix acutifolia × S. daphnoides Salicaceae - Cultivar dual status H s/v 167 27 II
137. Salix alba L. Salicaceae - Europe dual status H s/v 1349 29 III
138. Salix alba ‘Britzensis’ Salicaceae - Cultivar casual H s/v - 26 II
139. Salix alba ‘Sericea’ Salicaceae 1875 Cultivar naturalized H s/v 417 29 III
140. Salix alba ‘Vitellina’ Salicaceae 1805 Cultivar casual H s/v 129 29 III
141. Salix daphnoides Vill. Salicaceae 1839 Europe naturalized H s/v 271 29 III
142. Salix euxina I.V. Belyaeva Salicaceae 1791 Europe naturalized H s/v 1974 27 II
143. Salix purpurea ‘Lambertiana’ Salicaceae - Cultivar casual H s/v - 26 II
144. Salix × fragilis L. Salicaceae 1853 Cultivar naturalized H s/v 92 28 III
145. Sambucus nigra L. Caprifoliaceae 1805 Europe, Asia Minor invasive H s 487 23 II
146. Sambucus racemosa L. Caprifoliaceae 1805 Eurasia invasive H s 1048 27 II
147. Sambucus racemosa ‘Plumosa’ Caprifoliaceae - Cultivar casual H s - 24 II
148. Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun Rosaceae 1805 Asia transformer H s/v 705 27 II
149. Spiraea alba Du Roi Rosaceae 1885 N America invasive H s/v 717 28 III
150. Spiraea betulifolia Pall. Rosaceae 1960 East Asia casual H s 18 21 II
151. Spiraea × billardii Herincq. Rosaceae 1856 Cultivar invasive H v 283 28 III
152. Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. Rosaceae 1805 Asia invasive H s 702 22 II
153. Spiraea douglasii Hook. Rosaceae 1847 N America casual H s/v 12 23 II
154. Spiraea japonica L. Rosaceae 1859 Cultivar casual H - 113 22 II
155. Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkh. Rosaceae 1817 N America casual H - 47 20 I
156. Spiraea media F. Schmidt Rosaceae 1856 Eurasia naturalized H - 405 21 II
157. Spiraea menziesii Hook. Rosaceae 1913 N America casual H - 5 20 I
158. Spiraea nipponica Maxim. Rosaceae 1964 East Asia casual H - 14 18 I
159. Spiraea × rosalba Dippel Rosaceae - Cultivar invasive H v 47 29 III
160. Swida alba (L.) Opiz Cornaceae 1805 Asia invasive H v 441 29 III
161. Swida alba ‘Sibirica’ Cornaceae - Cultivar casual H v - 25 II
162. Swida sericea L. Cornaceae 1817 N America casual H v 25 26 II
163. Swida sericea ‘Flaviramea’ Cornaceae - Cultivar casual H v - 25 II
164. Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S. F. Blake Caprifoliaceae 1805 N America invasive H s/v 932 33 III
165. Syringa josikaea Jacq. Fil. ex Rchb. Oleaceae 1847 Europe casual H s 349 17 I
166. Syringa villosa Vahl Oleaceae 1955 Asia naturalized H s 376 19 I
167. Syringa vulgaris L. Oleaceae 1805 Europe invasive H v 1565 26 II
168. Teucrium chamaedrys L. Labiatae - Europe dual status H s - 19 I
169. Thuja occidentalis L. Cupressaceae 1805 N America casual H s 1047 25 II
170. Thymus marschallianus Willd. Labiatae 1932 Eurasia casual H s 9 17 I
171. Tilia platyphyllos Scop. subsp. cordifolia Tiliaceae 1805 Europe naturalized H s 190 25 II
172. Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. Anacardiaceae - N America casual H v - 23 II
173. Ulmus minor Mill. Ulmaceae 1877 Europe naturalized H s 88 22 II
174. Ulmus minor Mill. f. suberosa (Moench) Cin. Ulmaceae - Europe casual H s 18 22 II
175. Ulmus pumila L. Ulmaceae 1956 N America naturalized H s 15 24 II
176. Viburnum lantana L. Caprifoliaceae 1805 Europe naturalized H s 157 25 II
177. Vinca major L. Apocynaceae 1856 Europe, Asia Minor casual H v 4 19 I
178. Vinca minor L. Apocynaceae 1856 Europe, Asia Minor invasive H v 136 26 II
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