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Comparative study of Central and Eastern European alliances of thermophilous oak forests (Quercion petraea, Betonico-Quercion, and Lathyro-Quercion) within the temperate zone of Europe

Igor Goncharenko
Igor Goncharenko
   | 04 jun 2022
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Article Category: Research paper
Publicado en línea: 04 jun 2022
Páginas: 41 - 54
Recibido: 12 dic 2021
Aceptado: 14 dic 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2021-0010
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© 2021 Igor Goncharenko, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Cluster analysis dendrogram of the syntaxa of thermophilous oak forests. Syntaxa numbers are the same as in Table S1.
Cluster analysis dendrogram of the syntaxa of thermophilous oak forests. Syntaxa numbers are the same as in Table S1.

Figure 2

Ordination diagram of groups of syntaxa of thermophilous oak forests and projection of phytoindicational variables. Hd – moisture, Rc – soil acidity, Nt – soil nitrogen, Lc – light regime, Tm – temperature, Kn – continentality. Letters A, B and C correspond to the groups of syntaxa in Figure 1.
Ordination diagram of groups of syntaxa of thermophilous oak forests and projection of phytoindicational variables. Hd – moisture, Rc – soil acidity, Nt – soil nitrogen, Lc – light regime, Tm – temperature, Kn – continentality. Letters A, B and C correspond to the groups of syntaxa in Figure 1.

Figure 3

Boxplots showing differences in mean values of phytoindicational variables calculated for three groups of thermophilous oak forests syntaxa. Group labels are provided below each figure and correspond to Figure 1. Italic letters above the figures indicate the Tukey’s HSD results.
Boxplots showing differences in mean values of phytoindicational variables calculated for three groups of thermophilous oak forests syntaxa. Group labels are provided below each figure and correspond to Figure 1. Italic letters above the figures indicate the Tukey’s HSD results.

Shares of diagnostic species of different vegetation classes in the syntaxa of thermophilous oak forests. Groups A, B, and C correspond to those identified by the cluster analysis (Figure 1). Syntaxa numbers are the same as in Table S1. Designations of the vegetation classes: PUB – Quercetea pubescentis, FAG – Carpino-Fagetea, QUE – Quercetea robori-petraeae, BRA – Brachypodio-Betuletea pendulae, FES – Festuco-Brometea, GER – Trifolio-Geranietea, MOL – Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, RHA – Crataego-Prunetea.

Syntaxa num. Group of syntaxa PUB FAG QUE BRA FES GER MOL RHA
1 A 0.16 0.22 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.22 0.09 0.05
2 A 0.14 0.19 0.06 0.06 0.20 0.23 0.06 0.05
3 A 0.16 0.24 0.06 0.05 0.16 0.19 0.10 0.05
4 A 0.14 0.25 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.21 0.12 0.05
5 A 0.14 0.19 0.05 0.05 0.21 0.21 0.10 0.04
6 A 0.16 0.20 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.24 0.09 0.06
7 A 0.17 0.19 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.26 0.06 0.06
8 A 0.11 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.17 0.21 0.15 0.05
9 A 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.29 0.22 0.05 0.04
10 A 0.12 0.17 0.08 0.07 0.19 0.25 0.07 0.05
11 B 0.16 0.14 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.21 0.15 0.01
12 B 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.12 0.03
13 B 0.14 0.19 0.06 0.08 0.16 0.21 0.10 0.05
14 B 0.12 0.15 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.24 0.16 0.04
15 B 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.15 0.03
16 B 0.12 0.21 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.19 0.17 0.01
17 B 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.01
18 B 0.16 0.23 0.11 0.11 0.06 0.18 0.14 0.01
19 B 0.08 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.26 0.21 0.15 0.04
20 B 0.08 0.12 0.04 0.12 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.02
21 C 0.05 0.19 0.07 0.28 0.10 0.20 0.16 0.01
22 C 0.05 0.20 0.06 0.20 0.13 0.20 0.12 0.04
23 C 0.08 0.19 0.06 0.20 0.12 0.23 0.12 0.01
24 C 0.08 0.19 0.06 0.19 0.10 0.22 0.10 0.05
25 C 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.22 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.01
26 C 0.07 0.16 0.05 0.22 0.18 0.21 0.11 0.01
27 C 0.08 0.22 0.05 0.20 0.11 0.19 0.11 0.04
28 C 0.08 0.16 0.05 0.19 0.16 0.19 0.13 0.03
Average by Group A 0.14 0.19 0.08 0.07 0.16 0.22 0.09 0.05
Average by Group B 0.14 0.16 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.21 0.15 0.02
Average by Group C 0.07 0.17 0.05 0.19 0.15 0.21 0.13 0.02

Species with the highest scores of average constancy in each cluster of syntaxa of thermophilous oak forests. Five topmost species are shown in each cluster. The numbers represent ranks and the upper indexes are percentages of the average constancy of the species.

Species (grouped by the layers) Clusters of syntaxa
A B C
Tree layer
Quercus petraea 180
Carpinus betulus 245
Prunus avium L. 328
Quercus robur 426 198 188
Betula pendula 240 57
Pinus sylvestris 518 334
Pyrus communis 433
Tilia cordata 258
Ulmus glabra 444
Acer platanoides 527 353
Shrub layer
Ligustrum vulgare 146
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 241
Acer campestre L. 327
Lembotropis nigricans 427
Prunus spinosa L. 525
Euonymus verrucosus Scop. 149 248
Frangula alnus 248
Sorbus aucuparia 344
Cytisus ruthenicus 436
Corylus avellana L. 530
Prunus padus L. 152
Caragana frutex 347
Prunus fruticosa 444
Rhamnus cathartica L. 540
Herbaceous layer
Veronica chamaedrys 179 262
Poa nemoralis 273 576
Clinopodium vulgare 352 454
Euphorbia cyparissias L. 450
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. 550
Betonica officinalis 164
Convallaria majalis 357
Poa angustifolia L. 553
Origanum vulgare 184
Stellaria holostea 283
Brachypodium pinnatum 380
Rubus saxatilis L. 477
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