Dimensions | Physical self-maintenance | Instrumental activities | ADL | DIA-S |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical vitality | −0.314 |
−0.369 |
−0.370 |
−0.378 |
Life satisfaction | −0.181 |
−0.283 |
−0.264 |
−0.603 |
Family support | −0.017 | −0.066 |
−0.050 |
−0.188 |
Active participation | −0.179 |
−0.260 |
−0.244 |
−0.147 |
Total of PAEQ | −2.74 |
−0.377 |
−0.361 |
−0.495 |
Dimensions | Items | Mean scores of each item | Scores from Cao's study |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical vitality | 6 | 3.28 ± 0.98 | 3.78 ± 0.62 | −15.660 | <0.001 |
Life satisfaction | 7 | 3.70 ± 0.78 | 3.85 ± 0.48 | −5.790 | <0.001 |
Family support | 3 | 4.40 ± 0.94 | 3.34 ± 0.83 | 34.392 | <0.001 |
Active participation | 5 | 2.81 ± 0.95 | 3.58 ± 0.75 | −24.980 | <0.001 |
Total of PAEQ | 21 | 72.81 ± 13.63 |
77.60 ± 11.59 |
−10.744 | <0.001 |
Dimensions (Score ranges) | % | |
---|---|---|
Independent (=6) | 758 | 81.1 |
Dependent (>6) | 177 | 18.9 |
Independent (=8) | 523 | 55.9 |
Dependent (>8) | 412 | 44.1 |
Independent (=14) | 517 | 55.3 |
Dependent (>14) | 418 | 44.7 |
Independent variables | β | 95%CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||||
Number of chronic diseases | 0 = 1 | −0.281 | −4.526 | −3.205 | −11.486 | <0.001 |
1 = 2 | ||||||
2–3 = 3 | ||||||
≥3 = 4 | ||||||
Depression symptom | Ture score | −0.321 | −2.413 | −1.763 | −12.612 | <0.001 |
Subjective economic status | Poor = 1 | 0.239 | 3.863 | 5.806 | 9.769 | <0.001 |
Fair = 2 | ||||||
Good = 3 | ||||||
Total score of ADL | Ture score | −0.198 | −0.618 | −0.372 | −7.923 | <0.001 |
Education | Primary school or | 0.126 | 1.786 | 3.954 | 5.195 | <0.001 |
below = 1 | ||||||
Junior school = 2 | ||||||
High school = 3 | ||||||
College or higher = 4 | ||||||
Number of children | 0 = 1 | 0.097 | 1.011 | 2.969 | 3.989 | <0.001 |
1 = 2 | ||||||
2–3 = 3 | ||||||
≥3 = 4 | ||||||
Marital status | Married (control group) | |||||
Divorced or separated | −0.060 | −16.975 | −2.084 | −2.512 | 0.0120 | |
Single or widowed | −0.102 | −4.501 | −1.654 | −4.242 | <0.001 | |
0.486 | ||||||
Adjusted |
0.481 | |||||
109.309 |
Variables | PAEQ mean scores | ||
---|---|---|---|
Male | 73.86 ± 14.36 | 2.404 | 0.016 |
Female | 71.72 ± 12.76 | ||
60–69 | 73.12 ± 13.52 | 1.175 | 0.309 |
70–79 | 73.00 ± 13.88 | ||
≥80 | 71.01 ± 13.23 | ||
Primary school or below | 71.34 ± 13.30 | 15.348 | <0.001 |
Junior school | 76.28 ± 13.29 | ||
High school | 81.79 ± 14.44 | ||
College or higher | 84.56 ± 10.42 | ||
Married and with spouse alive (A) | 74.21 ± 13.246 | 13.687 | <0.001 |
Single or widowed (B) | 69.65 ± 13.989 | ||
Divorced or separated (C) | 60.86 ± 11.639 | ||
A vs. B | <0.001 | ||
A vs. C | 0.009 | ||
B vs. C | 0.088 | ||
0 | 61.50 ± 15.74 | 11.484 | <0.001 |
1 | 73.23 ± 15.17 | ||
2–3 | 73.84 ± 13.34 | ||
≥3 | 71.25 ± 11.87 | ||
Poor | 66.76 ± 13.29 | 73.227 | <0.001 |
Fair | 74.25 ± 12.38 | ||
Good | 81.66 ± 12.35 | ||
0 | 81.28 ± 11.728 | 61.257 | <0.001 |
1 | 74.82 ± 12.83 | ||
2–3 | 70.71 ± 12.76 | ||
≥3 | 63.77 ± 12.19 |
Variables (theoretical ranges) | % | |
---|---|---|
Male | 477 | 51.0 |
Female | 458 | 49.0 |
60–69 | 437 | 46.8 |
70–79 | 381 | 40.7 |
≥80 | 117 | 12.5 |
Primary school or below | 718 | 76.8 |
Junior school | 166 | 17.7 |
High school | 42 | 4.5 |
College or higher | 9 | 1.0 |
Married and with a living spouse | 662 | 70.8 |
Single or widowed | 266 | 28.5 |
Divorced or separated | 7 | 0.7 |
0 | 40 | 4.3 |
1 | 94 | 10.0 |
2–3 | 643 | 68.8 |
≥3 | 158 | 16.9 |
Poor | 318 | 34.0 |
Fair | 477 | 51.0 |
Good | 140 | 15.0 |
0 | 194 | 20.8 |
1 | 230 | 24.6 |
2–3 | 362 | 38.7 |
≥3 | 149 | 15.9 |
Items | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
1. I’ve been feeling down lately. | 217 | 23.2 | |
2. I’m worried about saying or doing something wrong. | 50 | 5.3 | |
3. It's hard for me to relax. | 276 | 29.5 | |
4. My life seems meaningless. | 59 | 6.3 | |
5. I have a hard time motivating myself. | 147 | 15.7 | |
6. I’m worried about my future. | 167 | 17.9 | |
7. When things get tough, I find it hard to continue to enjoy life. | 157 | 16.8 | |
8. Difficulties often overwhelm me. | 76 | 8.1 | |
9. I’m often immersed in anxiety. | 124 | 13.3 | |
10. I’m not very satisfied with my life. | 104 | 11.1 | |
Depressive symptom | Depression | 184 | 19.7 |
No depression | 751 | 80.3 |