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Does Feedback Seeking Always Improve Performance? Investigating the Roles of Feedback Seeking Content and Frequency in Determining Goal Achievement and Behavior-Related Performance

Mohammadmahdi Rabbani
Mohammadmahdi Rabbani
 y 
Seyyed Babak Alavi
Seyyed Babak Alavi
   | 23 feb 2023
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Publicado en línea: 23 feb 2023
Páginas: 7 - 24
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0001
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© 2023 Mohammadmahdi Rabbani et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The research results(Source: prepared by the authors)Note: **p < 0.01, NS: not significant (dashed line)
The research results(Source: prepared by the authors)Note: **p < 0.01, NS: not significant (dashed line)

Hierarchical regression models for individual work performance (Source: Authors’ own research)

Task performance Updating knowledge and skills Facing challenges
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Age −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 −0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 −0.16 −0.17 −0.16 −0.16 −0.17
Gender 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.12 * 0.12 * 0.13 * 0.13 * 0.13 * −0.01 −0.01 −0.01 −0.02 −0.03
Education-dummy 1 −0.17 * −0.16 * −0.14 * −0.13 * −0.13 * 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 −0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02
Education-dummy 2 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.09 −0.09 −0.09 −0.10 −0.10 −0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07
Experience −0.05 −0.04 −0.04 −0.04 −0.04 −0.08 −0.09 −0.08 −0.08 −0.07 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.07
Organizational experience 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06
Salary −0.06 −0.06 −0.05 −0.05 −0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.07
Department-research −0.15 * −0.15 * −0.16 * −0.16 * −0.16 * 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
Department-staff −0.04 −0.04 −0.03 −0.03 −0.03 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 −0.09 −0.09 −0.08 −0.08 −0.07
Feedback seeking frequency - 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.03 - −0.05 −0.02 −0.02 −0.02 - 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.04
Diagnostic - - 0.30 ** 0.29 ** 0.29 ** - - −0.24 ** −0.25 ** −0.25 ** - - 0.28 ** 0.31 ** 0.33 **
Normative - - - 0.03 0.02 - - - 0.02 0.02 - - - −0.06 −0.02
Assurance - - - - 0.01 - - - - −0.01 - - - - −0.11
R 2 0.10 0.11 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.06 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.12 0.13
ΔR 2 0.10 ** 0.00 0.09 ** 0.00 0.00 0.06 * 0.00 0.06 ** 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.07 ** 0.00 0.01

Items of feedback seeking frequency scale (source: Ashford and Black, 1996)

To what extent have you sought out feedback on your performance during assignments?
To what extent have you sought feedback on your performance after assignments?
To what extent have you asked for your boss's opinion of your work?
To what extent have you solicited critiques from your boss?

Items of individual work performance scale (source: Koopmans, et al., 2014)

Task performance 1 a I managed to plan my work so that it was done on time
Task performance 2 My planning was optimal
Task performance 3 I was able to perform my work well with minimal time and effort
Task performance 4 I started new tasks myself, when my old ones were finished
Task performance 5 I was able to separate main issues from side issues at work
Updating knowledge and skills 1 I worked at keeping my job skills up-to-date
Updating knowledge and skills 2 I worked at keeping my job knowledge up-to-date
Updating knowledge and skills 3 I came up with creative solutions to new problems
Facing challenges 1 I took on challenging work tasks, when available
Facing challenges 2 I kept looking for new challenges in my job

List of abbreviations (source: own study)

FSB Feedback seeking behavior
IWP Individual work performance
VIF Variance inflation factor
MAP Minimum average partial
df Degree of freedom
GFI Goodness of fit
AGFI Adjusted goodness of fit
CFI Comparative fit index
RMSEA Root mean square error of approximation
SRMR Standardized root mean square residual

Correlation among the study variables (Source: Authors’ own research)

1 2 3 4 5 6
1. FSB frequency - - - - - -
2. Diagnostic FSB 0.16 ** - - - - -
3. Normative FSB 0.09 0.51 ** - - - -
4. Assurance FSB −0.03 0.36 ** 0.43 ** - - -
5. Task performance 0.09 0.30 ** 0.22 ** 0.16 ** - -
6. Facing challenges 0.07 0.26 ** 0.09 −0.03 0.40 ** -
7. Updating knowledge and skills −0.07 −0.26 ** −0.15 ** −0.11 −0.57 ** −0.52 **

Exploratory factor analysis of feedback seeking content (Source: Authors’ own research)

Which feedback do you seek from your manager? Factors
Item 1 diagnostic 2 normative 3 assurance
The feedback that compares me to my job performance criteria 0.85 0.01 −0.08
The feedback that measures me against the initial goals (first 3 months or first project or …) that we set with my manager 0.78 −0.03 0.00
Feedback based on the agreement between my manager and me about the necessary actions for progress 0.78 −0.01 −0.05
The feedback that appraises my performance in my tasks 0.75 0.04 0.02
Feedback based on my past performance appraisal forms 0.53 0.02 0.15
The feedback that compares me to peers in other units −0.06 0.95 −0.02
The feedback that compares me to other people in my unit −0.01 0.87 −0.03
The feedback that shows my situation compared to previous successful people in this job 0.11 0.65 0.07
The feedback that focuses on my strengths and reveals my weaknesses less, so that I feel better about my performance 0.01 −0.02 0.86
The feedback that focuses on my strengths rather than my weaknesses −0.01 0.03 0.84
Initial eigenvalues 4.35 1.69 1.30
Cronbach's α 0.86 0.87 -
Spearman–Brown (for two-item scale) a - - 0.84

Hierarchical regression models for goal achievement (Source: Authors’ own research)

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Age −0.11 −0.12 −0.12 −0.12 −0.11
Gender 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Education-dummy 1 −0.05 −0.03 −0.04 −0.04 −0.04
Education-dummy 2 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Experience 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03
Organizational experience −0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 −0.01
Salary 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10
Department-Research 0.43 ** 0.43 ** 0.43 ** 0.43 ** 0.43 **
Department-staff 0.23 ** 0.22 ** 0.22 ** 0.22 ** 0.22 **
Feedback seeking frequency - 0.14 ** 0.14 ** 0.14 ** 0.15 **
Diagnostic - - −0.06 −0.06 −0.08
Normative - - - 0.01 −0.01
Assurance - - - - 0.06
R 2 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.30
ΔR 2 0.28 ** 0.02 ** 0.00 0.00 0.00
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