Phenolic compounds are aromatic compounds of the benzene ring that make up a significant portion of plant secondary metabolites. They are extremely diverse and are classified according to the number of carbons. Structural diversity determines their functional properties and distribution in different plant species. In plants, they play a key role in physiological and mechanical activities. Plants produce them primarily for their growth, development and protection against pathogens, including fungi, viruses and bacteria, and as a defence mechanism against major abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and UV radiation. Plants respond to these stressful abiotic and biotic conditions by accumulating phenolic compounds. Their accumulation depends on the type of stress and the response of the plant species. In addition to defence mechanisms, they play an important role in the interaction between the plant itself and microbes (Bhattacharya et al., 2010; Dai and Mumper, 2010; Kumar et al., 2020; Chowdhary et al., 2021; Pratyusha, 2022). The main group of natural pigments classified as phenolic compounds responsible for the colours of flowers, fruits and leaves is anthocyanins. Abiotic and biotic stress conditions where changes in the total anthocyanin content were observed were heat, light, water, salt, insect and fungal attack (Mannino et al., 2021).
The main bioactive compounds of roses are phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, methyl gallate, vanillic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, cichoric acid), anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-
Kunc et al. (2022, 2023b) reported that various roses native to Slovenia,
To date, very little is known about the effects of hybridisation on the secondary metabolite content. We know that there are approx. 100 cultivars derived from
The Rose hips of
Origin data for cultivars used in this study.
Cultivar | Species of the origin | Breeding company | Year of origin |
---|---|---|---|
‘Violacea’ | Unknown (The Netherlands) | 1795 | |
‘Splendens’ | Unknown | 1583 | |
‘Poppius’ | Stenberg (Sweden) | 1872 | |
‘Fruhlingsduft’ | Kordes (Germany) | 1941 | |
‘Fruhlingsmorgen’ | Kordes (Germany) | 1941 | |
‘Single Cherry’ | Unknown | 1962 | |
‘Harstad’ | Unknown | Unknown (old variety) | |
‘Mount Everest’ | Interplant (The Netherlands) | 1956 | |
‘Bourgogne’ | Interplant (The Netherlands) | 1983 |
The scale used for fruit colour analysis was established by the Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage. It measures colour in relation to the standard observer and the standard illuminant. Each given colour is located as a point in a three-dimensional space. Skin colour was represented by the coordinates a*, b* and L*; chroma (C*); and hue angle (h°). The brightness coefficient L* ranges from black (0) to white (100), and the coordinates a* and b* localise the colour on a rectangular coordinate grid perpendicular to the L* axis. On the horizontal axis, positive values of the colour parameter a* indicate red-violet hues and negative a* values indicate bluish greens. On the vertical axis, a positive b* indicates yellow colour and a negative b* indicates blue colour. Hue angle and chroma are measures derived from a* and b* and correspond to the basic hue of the fruit colour and the saturation or vividness of the colour (Lancaster et al., 1997).
The extraction of rose hips was performed separately for flesh with skin and seeds according to the extraction method described by Kunc et al. (2022). Analyses were performed in triplicate. The material was crushed with a mortar with liquid nitrogen, a measured weight of the sample was placed in a centrifuge tube, and the extraction solution (3% formic acid in methanol with double-distilled water 70/30) was added. The weight of the flesh with skin was 0.5 g and 0.2 g of the seeds. The volume of the extraction solution was 2.5 mL for the flesh with skin and 1 mL for the seeds.
Extraction was then performed using a chilled ultrasonic bath (SONIS 4 GT. Iskra PIO d.o.o., Šentjernej, Slovenia) on ice for 1 hr, after which the extract was centrifuged at 10000 ×
The analysis of phenolic compounds was performed using a Thermo Scientific Dionex HPLC system with a diode array detector (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) connected to Chromeleon workstation software. The chromatographic method for phenolic analysis was previously described by Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. (2016). The detector was set to three wavelengths (280 nm, 350 nm and 530 nm). The mobile phases were A: 3% acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid/96.9% double-distilled water and B: 3% water/0.1% formic acid/96.9% acetonitrile. Gradient elution of the two mobile phases was described in Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. (2020), and the mobile phase flow was 0.6 mL · min−1. The column used was a Gemini C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm 3 μm; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) heated to 25°C.
Phenolic compounds were identified using a mass spectrometer (LTQ XL Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with electrospray ionisation (ESI) in the positive (anthocyanins) or negative (all other phenolics) ionisation mode. All mass spectrometer conditions were set as described by Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. (2020). Spectral data were analysed using Excalibur software (Thermo Scientific). The identification of compounds was confirmed by comparison of their retention times and spectra, addition of the standard solution to the sample and fragmentation and comparison with literature data.
The content of phenolic compounds was calculated from the peak areas of the samples and the corresponding standards. The contents were expressed in mg · kg−1 fresh weight (f.w.) (Kunc et al., 2022).
Data were collected using Microsoft Excel 2016 and statistically processed using the R Commander program, R i386 4.1.2 using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When ANOVA indicated a significant difference between values, Tukey’s test was used. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) of fresh weight (f.w.). In cases where
Table 2 shows the measured colour parameters of the examined rose hips. The rose hips of
Rose hips of cultivar ‘Single Cherry’.
Rose hips colour parameters of analysed rose hips.
Species and cultivars | L* | a* | b* | C* | h° |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
36.70 ± 1.64 a | 40.98 ± 1.22 c | 29.66 ± 1.91 b | 50.58 ± 2.04 c | 35.75 ± 1.17 a | |
‘Harstad’ | 34.66 ± 0.69 a | 34.08 ± 1.08 b | 25.18 ± 0.87 b | 42.36 ± 1.35 b | 36.42 ± 0.37 a |
‘Bourgogne’ | 32.96 ± 2.76 a | 29.34 ± 1.15 ab | 21.38 ± 2.31 c | 37.00 ± 2.53 bc | 37.16 ± 3.62 b |
‘Mount Everest’ | 29.66 ± 1.51 a | 27.36 ± 1.49 a | 17.20 ± 2.36 a | 32.42 ± 2.54 a | 31.58 ± 1.97 a |
27.89 ± 2.56 b | 23.33 ± 1.92 b | 14.59 ± 1.59 b | 22.08 ± 3.11 b | 22.14 ± 0.99 a | |
‘Poppius’ | 29.38 ± 2.11 b | 25.26 ± 2.21 b | 16.26 ± 3.09 b | 27.76 ± 4.03 b | 26.04 ± 1.99 ab |
‘Frühlingsduft’ | 25.08 ± 1.66 ab | 21.18 ± 1.14 ab | 15.01 ± 1.63 ab | 23.84 ± 1.41 ab | 33.46 ± 1.59 bc |
‘Single Cherry’ | 20.28 ± 0.72 a | 2.28 ± 1.01 a | 3.78 ± 0.09 a | 4.42 ± 0.09 a | 59.18 ± 2.45 c |
‘Frühlingsmorgen’ | 28.28 ± 0.74 b | 24.36 ± 1.60 b | 14.28 ± 0.42 b | 28.02 ± 1.51 b | 31.46 ± 1.13 ab |
43.38 ± 1.77 b | 31.9 ± 1.65 a | 36.84 ± 1.27 b | 48.13 ± 0.73 b | 49.18 ± 1.79 b | |
‘Violacea’ | 31.96 ± 1.66 a | 32.08 ± 1.28 a | 21.76 ± 2.53 a | 38.94 ± 2.23 a | 33.68 ± 2.54 a |
‘Splendens’ | 33.78 ± 1.13 a | 29.59 ± 1.47 a | 24.20 ± 1.29 a | 33.33 ± 1.29 a | 32.90 ± 1.99 a |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.
From the anthocyanin group, only cyanidin-3-glucoside was analysed because it was the prevailing anthocyanin compound in analysed roses. It can be seen from Table 3 that the highest anthocyanin content was measured in the rose hips of the cultivar ‘Single Cherry’ from the group
Average contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of cyanidin-3-glucoside in all analysed rose hips.
Species and cultivars | Cyanidin-3-glucoside |
---|---|
2.19 ± 0.42 a | |
‘Violacea’ | 11.51 ± 3.02 b |
‘Splendens’ | 0.85 ± 0.13 a |
20.97 ± 3.31 a | |
‘Poppius’ | 20.97 ± 3.39 a |
‘Frühlingsduft’ | 77.91 ± 10.14 a |
‘Single Cherry’ | 3090.36 ± 309.12 b |
‘Frühlingsmorgen’ | 134.31 ± 18.61 a |
5.09 ± 0.65 a | |
‘Harstad’ | 1.59 ± 0.22 a |
‘Bourgogne’ | 3.16 ± 1.60 a |
‘Mount Everest’ | 56.61 ± 17.38 b |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the analysed groups.
SE, standard error.
The total content of phenolic compounds (Figure 2) in the studied samples was the highest, with 10504.66 mg · kg−1 f.w. in the flesh with skin of rose hips of the cultivar ‘Harstad’. The values of phenolics in the seeds varied from 757.02 mg · kg−1 f.w. (‘Mount Everest’) to 1711.72 mg · kg−1 f.w. (‘Harstad’).
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of
Table 4 shows the variations in the content of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (HBA), hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCA), gallotannins and ellagitannins in the rose hips of
The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of
Phenolic group | Compound | ‘Bourgogne’ | ‘Harstad’ | ‘Mount Everest’ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBA | Gallic acid | FS | 41.39 ± 1.86 b | 8.69 ± 3.02 a | 42.32 ± 11.85 b | 14.91 ± 5.58 ab |
S | 5.35 ± 2.05 b | 0.95 ± 0.14 a | 5.22 ± 2.54 b | 2.12 ± 0.97 ab | ||
Galloylquinic acid | FS | 1546.56 ± 295.70 b | 536.17 ± 97.03 a | 1276.72 ± 237.38 ab | 520.65 ± 177.1 a | |
S | 965.58 ± 399.87 b | 224.65 ± 90.54 a | 926.54 ± 416.02 b | 254.54 ± 88.98 a | ||
Ellagic acid pentoside 1 | FS | 0.74 ± 0.28 a | 0.53 ± 0.11 a | 0.95 ± 0.44 a | 1.19 ± 0.44 a | |
S | 2.36 ± 1.65 a | 2.75 ± 1.03 a | 2.98 ± 0.98 a | 3.41 ± 1.54 a | ||
Ellagic acid pentoside 2 | FS | 2.78 ± 1.13 a | 0.84 ± 0.28 a | 0.71 ± 0.08 a | 1.38 ± 0.58 a | |
S | 3.21 ± 1.19 a | 1.03 ± 0.58 a | 0.78 ± 0.33 a | 1.95 ± 0.65 a | ||
Taxifolin pentoside 1 | FS | 0.64 ± 0.31 a | 2.37 ± 1.00 a | 1.07 ± 0.46 a | 4.43 ± 1.52 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
Taxifolin pentoside 2 | FS | 0.18 ± 0.09 a | 0.01 ± 0.005 a | 0.11 ± 0.04 a | 0.05 ± 0.03 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
Taxifolin pentoside 3 | FS | 0.81 ± 0.56 a | 0.003 ± 0.002 a | 0.22 ± 0.12 a | 0.07 ± 0.06 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 1593.10 ± 299.93 b | 548.61 ± 101.45 a | 1322.1 ± 250.37 ab | 542.68 ± 185.32 a | |
S | 976.50 ± 404.76 b | 229.38 ± 92.29 a | 935.52 ± 419.87 b | 262.02 ± 92.14 a | ||
HCA | p-coumaric acid hexoside 1 | FS | 0.39 ± 0.30 a | 0.47 ± 0.36 a | 0.93 ± 1.31 b | 0.54 ± 0.21 a |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
p-coumaric acid hexoside 2 | FS | 3.83 ± 0.01 a | 1.83 ± 0.12 a | 3.94 ± 0.07 a | 1.34 ± 0.05 a | |
S | 0.92 ± 0.54 a | 0.41 ± 0.12 a | 0.87 ± 0.25 a | 0.35 ± 0.18 a | ||
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1 | FS | 19.98 ± 3.94 a | 23.43 ± 8.31 a | 77.49 ± 12.16 b | 21.73 ± 2.93 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
Sinapic acid hexoside 1 | FS | 5.87 ± 1.19 a | 16.08 ± 6.43 a | 13.89 ± 1.77 a | 3.21 ± 0.78a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2 | FS | 385.29 ± 9.49 a | 544.57 ± 210.33 a | 1530.40 ± 153.76 b | 345.58 ± 62.90 a | |
S | 60.54 ± 22.54 a | 71.02 ± 24.48 ab | 96.21 ± 30.54 b | 59.68 ± 19.88 a | ||
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1 | FS | 11.28 ± 0.89 a | 5.39 ± 2.39 a | 11.60 ± 3.86 a | 3.96 ± 0.61 a | |
S | 2.41 ± 1.09 a | 1.02 ± 0.35 a | 2.39 ± 1.06 a | 0.87 ± 0.25 a | ||
5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 2 | FS | 134.72 ± 64.05 a | 51.39 ± 27.75 a | 170.22 ± 20.47 a | 155.41 ± 28.42 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
3-p-coumaroylquinic acid | FS | 0.62 ± 0.01 a | 0.87 ± 0.21 a | 2.15 ± 0.48 b | 0.59 ± 0.07 a | |
S | 0.22 ± 0.04 a | 0.13 ± 0.03 a | 0.24 ± 0.09 a | 0.21 ± 0.07 a | ||
Total | FS | 561.98 ± 79.88 a | 644.03 ± 255.90 a | 1810.62 ± 193.82 b | 532.36 ± 95.97 a | |
S | 64.39 ± 24.21 a | 72.58 ± 24.98 a | 99.71 ± 31.94 b | 61.11 ± 20.38 a | ||
Gallotannins | Digalloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 1.83 ± 0.62 a | 0.55 ± 0.13 a | 1.81 ± 0.53 a | 0.83 ± 0.29 a |
S | 5.21 ± 1.09 b | 1.32 ± 0.98 a | 5.42 ± 1.09 b | 2.06 ± 0.98 a | ||
Digalloyl hexoside 2 | FS | 39.45 ± 25.48 a | 32.33 ± 12.25 a | 33.23 ± 14.51 a | 14.57 ± 5.92 a | |
S | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.07 a | 0.17 ± 0.04 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | ||
Methyl gallate hexoside | FS | 182.98 ± 62.35 a | 55.22 ± 12.75 a | 181.00 ± 53.07 a | 82.73 ± 29.64 a | |
S | 22.35 ± 11.45 a | 12.47 ± 2.54 a | 21.98 ± 9.87 a | 18.54 ± 9.42 a | ||
Digalloylquinic acid 1 | FS | 121.06 ± 4.10 a | 179.34 ± 42.58a | 353.12 ± 53.33 b | 153.17 ± 18.24 a | |
S | 9.21 ± 4.87 a | 9.05 ± 2.01 a | 13.41 ± 5.87 a | 8.96 ± 3.06 a | ||
Total | FS | 345.32 ± 36.55 a | 267.44 ± 67.71 a | 569.16 ± 121.44 b | 251.30 ± 82.80 a | |
S | 36.96 ± 17.43 a | 23.05 ± 5.6 a | 40.98 ± 16.87 a | 29.65 ± 13.47 a | ||
Ellagitannins | diHHDP hexoside 1 | FS | 164.32 ± 102.03 a | 145.59 ± 72.46 a | 198.98 ± 60.19 a | 165.69 ± 36.38 a |
S | 32.21 ± 13.36 a | 32.01 ± 18.54 a | 31.85 ± 16.36 a | 30.58 ± 18.25 a | ||
diHHDP hexoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | - | |
S | 2.15 ± 1.03 a | 2.32 ± 0.98 a | 2.06 ± 0.95 a | 1.98 ± 0.78 a | ||
Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3 | FS | - | - | - | - | |
S | 0.75 ± 0.19 a | 0.59 ± 0.14 a | 0.71 ± 0.26 a | 0.69 ± 0.24 a | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1 | FS | 311.37 ± 24.49 a | 149.01 ± 66.03 a | 320.38 ± 106.58 a | 109.35 ± 16.93 a | |
S | 2.21 ± 0.95 a | 1.15 ± 0.98 a | 2.34 ± 1.09 a | 0.98 ± 0.36 a | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2 | FS | 19.68 ± 0.48 a | 27.82 ± 10.74 a | 78.17 ± 7.85 b | 17.65 ± 3.21 a | |
S | 3.54 ± 1.09 a | 3.88 ± 1.06 a | 5.98 ± 2.44 a | 3.65 ± 1.98 a | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3 | FS | - | - | - | - | |
S | 0.39 ± 0.11 a | 0.52 ± 0.12 a | 0.63 ± 0.26 a | 0.38 ± 0.14 a | ||
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1 | FS | 1.69 ± 0.13 a | 0.81 ± 0.36 a | 1.74 ± 0.58 a | 0.59 ± 0.09 a | |
S | 0.44 ± 0.19 b | 0.24 ± 0.09 a | 0.46 ± 0.12 b | 0.12 ± 0.06 a | ||
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2 | FS | 117.63 ± 28.61 b | 54.69 ± 13.75 ab | 110.83 ± 1.39 ab | 43.22 ± 7.39 a | |
S | 15.36 ± 5.56 a | 12.06 ± 3.65 a | 15.88 ± 4.87 a | 11.98 ± 3.54 a | ||
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 3 | FS | 16.90 ± 4.55 a | 16.86 ± 5.05 a | 13.86 ± 3.90 a | 7.84 ± 3.92 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 22.34 ± 0.49 a | 31.51 ± 7.65 a | 77.76 ± 17.33 b | 21.48 ± 2.47 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 653.93 ± 160.78 a | 426.29 ± 176.04 a | 731.72 ± 197.82 a | 365.82 ± 70.39 a | |
S | 57.05 ± 22.48 a | 52.77 ± 25.56 a | 59.91 ± 25.40 a | 50.36 ± 25.35 a |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).
HBA, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives; HCA, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives; SE, standard error.
The content of total analysed flavonols (Table 5) was the highest in the rose hips of the cultivar ‘Harstad’, both in the flesh with skin and in the seeds. The rose hips of the cultivar ‘Mount Everest’ had the lowest values of total flavonols, both in the flesh with skin and in the seeds. There was no statistically significant difference in the content of flavonols in the seeds. Among the flavones, apigenin derivatives 1 and 2 were determined. There was no statistically significant difference in the flavone content between
Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of
Phenolic group | Compound | ‘Bourgogne’ | ‘Harstad’ | ‘Mount Everest’ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavanols | Procyanidin dimer 1 | FS | 310.01 ± 75.40 b | 144.13 ± 36.23 ab | 292.10 ± 3.69 ab | 113.91 ± 19.50 a |
S | 37.36 ± 19.35 b | 23.57 ± 6.37 a | 36.98 ± 10.32 b | 25.87 ± 8.97 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 2 | FS | 464.64 ± 16.49 a | 541.56 ± 140.95 a | 1092.39 ± 80.22 b | 637.15 ± 60.55 a | |
S | 85.25 ± 21.74 a | 85.99 ± 25.41 a | 94.65 ± 25.74 a | 91.54 ± 19.74 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 3 | FS | 86.26 ± 17.60 a | 236.45 ± 94.54 a | 204.15 ± 26.07 a | 47.26 ± 11.52 a | |
S | 6.98 ± 2.14 a | 19.87 ± 7.04 b | 18.47 ± 8.32 b | 4.87 ± 1.09 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 4 | FS | 515.49 ± 11.38 a | 759.49 ± 190.75 a | 2225.28 ± 465.77 b | 467.26 ± 75.16 a | |
S | 57.05 ± 31.98 a | 57.98 ± 24.78 a | 90.25 ± 38.76 b | 56.98 ± 27.89 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 1 | FS | 78.07 ± 1.73 a | 110.11 ± 26.71 a | 271.74 ± 60.57 b | 75.05 ± 8.63 a | |
S | 22.54 ± 7.63 a | 45.77 ± 19.87 ab | 97.87 ± 31.08 b | 21.98 ± 9.51 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 2 | FS | 275.79 ± 54.37 a | 323.43 ± 114.76 a | 1069.74 ± 167.93 b | 299.96 ± 40.41 a | |
S | 11.98 ± 3.15 a | 12.15 ± 3.98 a | 22.54 ± 12.45 a | 12.04 ± 5.78 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 3 | FS | 16.18 ± 0.36 a | 23.84 ± 5.99 a | 69.85 ± 14.62 b | 14.67 ± 2.36 a | |
S | 87.54 ± 39.87 a | 85.66 ± 34.65 a | 103.21 ± 45.21 a | 88.54 ± 30.01 a | ||
Epicatechin | FS | 65.13 ± 6.45 a | 78.48 ± 24.84 a | 218.32 ± 18.33 b | 48.84 ± 8.85 a | |
S | 25.77 ± 11.54 a | 22.54 ± 9.78 a | 44.74 ± 15.87 a | 22.87 ± 9.87 a | ||
Catechin | FS | 698.19 ± 1.55 a | 98.47 ± 23.89 a | 243.02 ± 54.16 b | 67.11 ± 7.72 a | |
S | 23.45 ± 9.36 b | 4.87 ± 1.06 a | 12.54 ± 3.25 b | 2.54 ± 1.21 a | ||
PA dimer diglycoside | FS | 217.12 ± 50.35 a | 139.65 ± 48.92 a | 232.51 ± 143.72 a | 92.21 ± 16.37 a | |
S | 27.54 ± 12.41 b | 19.87 ± 9.24 b | 26.98 ± 12.75 b | 12.54 ± 6.87 a | ||
Dimer PA monogallate 1 | FS | 20.62 ± 0.46 a | 30.38 ± 7.63 a | 89.01 ± 18.63 b | 18.69 ± 3.01 a | |
S | 3.05 ± 1.39 a | 5.98 ± 1.03 a | 12.87 ± 3.19 b | 1.89 ± 0.97 a | ||
Dimer PA monogallate 2 | FS | 22.55 ± 1.77 a | 10.79 ± 4.78 a | 23.21 ± 7.72 a | 7.92 ± 1.23 a | |
S | 0.45 ± 0.10 b | 0.36 ± 0.08 b | 0.57 ± 0.14 b | 0.19 ± 0.04 a | ||
Total | FS | 2770.05 ± 237.90 a | 2496.78 ± 719.99 a | 6031.32 ± 1,061.43 b | 1890.03 ± 255.31 a | |
S | 388.87 ± 160.68 a | 384.61 ± 143.29 a | 561.67 ± 207.08 b | 341.85 ± 121.95 a | ||
Flavonols | Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 0.29 ± 0.11 a | 0.20 ± 0.04 a | 0.37 ± 0.17 a | 0.46 ± 0.17 a |
S | 0.78 ± 0.35 a | 0.82 ± 0.24 a | 0.98 ± 0.37 a | 1.25 ± 0.94 a | ||
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2 | FS | 2.65 ± 1.07 a | 0.80 ± 0.27 a | 0.68 ± 0.08 a | 1.31 ± 0.55 a | |
S | 5.98 ± 2.14 b | 1.59 ± 0.75 a | 1.63 ± 0.64 a | 3.88 ± 1.07 b | ||
Quercetin-3-rutinoside | FS | 2.49 ± 1.01 a | 0.75 ± 0.25 a | 0.64 ± 0.07 a | 1.24 ± 0.52 a | |
S | 0.51 ± 0.16 b | 0.14 ± 0.04 a | 0.12 ± 0.05 a | 0.23 ± 0.09 ab | ||
Quercetin-3-galactoside | FS | 10.97 ± 3.37 ab | 0.65 ± 0.22 a | 19.30 ± 3.44 b | 8.09 ± 6.40 ab | |
S | 3.54 ± 1.04 a | 2.15 ± 0.97 a | 3.28 ± 1.01 a | 1.05 ± 0.07 a | ||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | FS | 27.26 ± 13.45 a | 1.83 ± 0.70 a | 15.70 ± 5.36 a | 7.22 ± 4.53 a | |
S | 7.19 ± 2.14 b | 1.02 ± 0.21 a | 5.84 ± 1.54 b | 3.45 ± 1.96 a | ||
Total | FS | 43.66 ± 24.99 b | 4.23 ± 1.48 a | 36.69 ± 9.12 ab | 18.32 ± 12.17 ab | |
S | 18.00 ± 5.83 a | 5.72 ± 2.21 a | 11.85 ± 3.61 a | 9.86 ± 4.13 a | ||
Flavonols | Apigenin derivative 1 | FS | 1.54 ± 0.51 a | 0.99 ± 0.30 a | 2.15 ± 0.27 a | 2.49 ± 0.84 a |
S | 0.31 ± 0.09 a | 0.12 ± 0.04 a | 0.67 ± 0.03 b | 0.72 ± 0.16 b | ||
Apigenin derivative 2 | FS | 0.35 ± 0.13 a | 0.25 ± 0.05 a | 0.45 ± 0.21 a | 0.57 ± 0.21 a | |
S | 1.36 ± 0.57 a | 1.02 ± 0.45 a | 1.41 ± 0.49 a | 1.45 ± 0.87 a | ||
Total | FS | 1.89 ± 0.64 a | 1.24 ± 0.35 a | 2.60 ± 0.48 a | 3.06 ± 1.05 a | |
S | 1.67 ± 0.66 a | 1.14 ± 0.49 a | 2.08 ± 0.52 a | 2.17 ± 1.03 a |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).
SE, standard error.
The content of total phenolic compounds (Figure 3) in the rose hips of
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of
The HBA content (Table 6) was higher in the seeds than in the hulled flesh of all samples, except for ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ and ‘Frühlingsduft’. The total HCA content (Table 6) was higher than the HBA content in flesh and skin. HCA contents were also higher in seeds than in the flesh with skin in all samples, except for the hips of the varieties ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ and ‘Frühlingsduft’. Statistically significant differences were analysed in the content of HCA in the hips flesh with skin between the cultivars ‘Frühlingsduft’, ‘Poppius’ and
The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of
Phenolic group | Compound | ‘Poppins’ | ‘Single Cherry’ | ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ | ‘Frühlingsduft’ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBA | Gallic acid | FS | - | - | - | - | - |
S | 45.63 ± 7.62 ab | 116.41 ± 10.69 be | 190.84 ± 37.33 c | 40.16 ± 22.95 ab | 2.41 ± 0.73 a | ||
Ellagic acid pentoside 1 | FS | 4.64 ± 1.33 a | 11.31 ± 3.54 ab | 12.64 ± 5.45 ab | 101.02 ± 38.43 be | 165.95 ± 99.92 c | |
S | 13.30 ± 3.25 a | 4.13 ± 0.84 a | 7.62 ± 3.95 a | 3.51 ± 1.94 a | 12.27 ± 2.39 a | ||
Ellagic acid pentoside 2 | FS | 1.58 ± 0.36 a | 2.66 ± 0.96 a | 6.50 ± 3.41 ab | 16.23 ± 5.95 be | 22.61 ± 9.62 c | |
S | 1.63 ± 0.46 ab | 0.67 ± 0.28 ab | 2.27 ± 0.66 b | 0.17 ± 0.06 a | 0.24 ± 0.05 a | ||
Taxifolin pentoside 1 | FS | 0.76 ± 0.08 a | 2.09 ± 0.65 a | 2.34 ± 0.51 a | 19.89 ± 7.26 a | 180.48 ± 90.26 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Taxifolin pentoside 2 | FS | 23.98 ± 6.29 a | 9.46 ± 3.45 a | 38.48 ± 9.32 a | 189.33 ± 94.49 b | 157.66 ± 99.92 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Taxifolin pentoside 3 | FS | 0.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.27 ± 0.21 a | 0.68 ± 0.45 ab | 1.64 ± 0.32 be | 2.21 ± 0.65 c | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.07 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | ||
Total | FS | 31.19 ± 8.08 a | 25.79 ± 8.81 a | 60.64 ± 19.14 a | 328.11 ± 146.45 a | 528.91 ± 300.37 a | |
S | 60.61 ± 11.34 ab | 121.30 ± 11.82 be | 200.77 ± 41.96 c | 44.00 ± 25.02 ab | 14.96 ± 3.18 a | ||
HCA | FS | 2.69 ± 0.48 a | 9.50 ± 1.02 a | 20.45 ± 2.03 ab | 35.85 ± 8.12 b | 20.27 ± 4.16 ab | |
S | 45.21 ± 14.87 ab | 319.09 ± 101.19 c | 534.79 ± 178.29 d | 30.0 ± 4.68 a | 214.55 ± 89.81 be | ||
FS | 0.22 ± 0.06 a | 0.59 ± 0.19 a | 0.71 ± 0.06 a | 2.03 ± 0.29 b | 4.44 ± 0.52 c | ||
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1 | FS | 16.55 ± 2.48 a | 74.29 ± 22.89 ab | 81.14 ± 22.79 ab | 148.15 ± 26.08 be | 231.59 ± 96.91 c | |
S | 141.85 ± 52.09 a | 159.43 ± 93.72 a | 286.42 ± 109.12 a | 20.0 ± 8.11 b | 10.56 ± 2.59 b | ||
Sinapic acid hexoside 1 | FS | 94.42 ± 22.52 a | 137.39 ± 36.89 a | 527.15 ± 32.37 a | 1415.02 ± 285.19 b | 1430.98 ± 290.65 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Sinapic acid hexoside 2 | FS | 35.26 ± 16.18 a | 55.63 ± 21.07 a | 100.11 ± 25.38 a | 298.62 ± 133.19 b | 461.51 ± 151.52 c | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2 | FS | 15.82 ± 2.89 a | 9.86 ± 3.63 a | 57.05 ± 26.31 a | 216.59 ± 105.21 a | 618.79 ± 194.21 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
5- |
FS | 24.76 ± 9.76 a | 30.35 ± 11.49 a | 54.61 ± 18.39 a | 173.58 ± 99.06 b | 289.17 ± 138.59 c | |
S | 2.26 ± 1.80 a | 12.64 ± 1.81 ab | 32.73 ± 11.94 b | 21.62 ± 7.45 ab | 6.68 ± 1.93 a | ||
5- |
FS | 3.39 ± 1.10 a | 9.98 ± 3.35 a | 12.01 ± 2.98 a | 32.45 ± 13.98 b | 74.78 ± 16.39 c | |
S | 49.72 ± 16.29 a | 44.78 ± 13.98 a | 111.23 ± 39.27 b | 130.25 ± 62.57 b | 48.42 ± 18.95 a | ||
3- |
FS | 3.00 ± 1.34 a | 7.16 ± 1.25 a | 12.66 ± 3.36 b | 23.65 ± 9.12 b | 30.33 ± 12.68 b | |
S | 112.68 ± 38.42 a | 26.31 ± 14.39 a | 12.68 ± 2.24 a | 46.3 ± 11.55 a | 30.06 ± 9.74 a | ||
3-feruloyquinic acid | FS | 0.06 ± 0.04 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.02 a | 0.26 ± 0.19 a | 0.26 ± 0.19 a | |
S | 12.59 ± 4.73 a | 41.99 ± 15.55 bc | 103.78 ± 46.65 d | 21.59 ± 9.86 ab | 50.12 ± 16.04 c | ||
Trigalloylquinic acid | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 16.54 ± 5.01 a | 6.01 ± 1.03 a | 19.32 ± 4.05 a | 44.68 ± 14.06 a | 12.33 ± 3.62 a | ||
Total | FS | 196.17 ± 56.85 a | 334.81 ± 101.79 a | 866.01 ± 132.57 ab | 2346.20 ± 680.43 ab | 3162.12 ± 905.82 b | |
S | 380.85 ± 133.21 a | 610.25 ± 241.67 a | 1100.93 ± 392.68 a | 314.64 ± 118.28 a | 372.72 ± 142.68 a | ||
Gallotannins | Digalloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 98.41 ± 30.47 a | 384.84 ± 154.38 a | 1347.62 ± 299.99 b | 261.97 ± 135.72 a | 237.37 ± 101.92 a |
S | 48.89 ± 12.89 b | 30.90 ± 9.53 ab | 38.68 ± 10.39 ab | 93.14 ± 27.56 c | 0.24 ± 0.07 a | ||
Digalloyl hexoside 2 | FS | 9.67 ± 2.49 a | 38.53 ± 14.59 b | 114.79 ± 83.03 d | 64.93 ± 26.12 c | 21.23 ± 3.29 ab | |
S | 0.19 ± 0.03 b | 0.14 ± 0.02 ab | 0.26 ± 0.05 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.28 ± 0.05 b | ||
Methyl gallate hexoside | FS | 83.89 ± 27.43 a | 321.06 ± 138.24 b | 956.62 ± 225.24 d | 623.78 ± 243.91 c | 262.05 ± 151.99 b | |
S | 80.35 ± 33.89 ab | 68.56 ± 17.90 ab | 138.70 ± 38.62 b | 32.05 ± 13.72 a | 103.40 ± 40.76 ab | ||
Digalloylquinic acid 1 | FS | 118.35 ± 35.32 a | 229.59 ± 60.72 a | 541.28 ± 139.90 be | 478.17 ± 162.57 b | 757.77 ± 158.17 c | |
S | 16.02 ± 6.33 be | 13.65 ± 2.42 ac | 24.72 ± 10.94 c | 2.77 ± 0.46a b | 0.36 ± 0.06 a | ||
Trigalloyl hexoside 1 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 9.04 ± 6.24 a | 46.33 ± 16.64 ab | 102.28 ± 29.55 b | 32.31 ± 10.23 ab | 37.44 ± 13.93 ab | ||
Methyl gallate rutinoside | FS | 24.54 ± 11.54 a | 12.87 ± 4.14 ab | 25.54 ± 19.81 ab | 35.62 ± 15.57 ab | 47.63 ± 28.92 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 0.78 ± 0.06 a | 1.44 ± 0.77 a | 1.57 ± 0.88 a | 0.43 ± 0.09 a | 1.80 ± 0.18 a | ||
Total | FS | 310.56 ± 107.25 a | 986.89 ± 372.07 ab | 2985.85 ± 767.97 b | 1464.47 ± 583.89 ab | 1326.05 ± 444.29 ab | |
S | 155.27 ± 59.44 a | 161.02 ± 47.28 a | 306.21 ± 90.43 b | 160.72 ± 52.07 a | 143.52 ± 55.05 a | ||
Ellagitannins | diHHDP hexoside 1 | FS | 33.66 ± 13.29 a | 188.89 ± 90.49 a | 846.22 ± 253.33 b | 435.35 ± 159.26 ab | 634.66 ± 191.70 b |
S | 40.77 ± 16.33 a | 337.86 ± 120.95 b | 485.41 ± 247.12 c | 32.91 ± 15.96 a | 241.32 ± 90.27 b | ||
diHHDP hexoside 2 | FS | 42.46 ± 14.76 a | 55.25 ± 19.97 a | 136.65 ± 40.17 b | 179.10 ± 85.64 b | 54.21 ± 16.94 a | |
S | 38.71 ± 16.98 a | 97.55 ± 28.32 ab | 605.36 ± 379.67 c | 38.69 ± 14.04 a | 273.86 ± 169.35 b | ||
Digalloyl HHDP hexoside 3 | FS | 35.79 ± 19.31 a | 37.15 ± 12.54 a | 53.01 ± 19.05 ab | 46.18 ± 13.54 a | 78.35 ± 23.05 b | |
S | 6.39 ± 2.41 a | 9.21 ± 3.46 ab | 16.48 ± 5.03 b | 1.84 ± 0.95 a | 1.03 ± 0.72 a | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1 | FS | 7.33 ± 2.44 a | 33.27 ± 13.59 a | 71.58 ± 27.10 a | 71.87 ± 20.03 a | 321.05 ± 170.33 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2 | FS | 11.23 ± 4.57 a | 27.74 ± 18.95 a | 154.36 ± 69.02 b | 378.43 ± 142.98 c | 193.66 ± 77.44 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3 | FS | 118.09 ± 65.51 a | 75.95 ± 26.21 a | 439.26 ± 180.54 b | 372.92 ± 126.87 b | 499.12 ± 30.39 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1 | FS | 4.72 ± 1.21 a | 11.29 ± 3.79 a | 13.59 ± 6.11 a | 39.93 ± 12.63 b | 84.93 ± 27.16 c | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2 | FS | 8.72 ± 2.96 a | 11.31 ± 4.67 a | 36.79 ± 11.32 a | 273.38 ± 93.95 b | 465.07 ± 138.81 c | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 6.27 ± 1.49 a | 17.90 ± 3.12 a | 31.70 ± 15.61 ab | 50.35 ± 18.36 be | 74.96 ± 26.59 c | |
S | 200.52 ± 94.90 ab | 289.23 ± 104.96 b | 1261.13 ± 427.95 c | 30.93 ± 13.67 ab | 1.07 ± 0.09 a | ||
Total | FS | 268.27 ± 125.54 a | 458.75 ± 193.33 a | 1783.16 ± 622.25 ab | 1847.51 ± 673.26 ab | 2406.01 ± 672.02 b | |
S | 286.39 ± 130.62 a | 733.85 ± 257.69 ab | 2368.38 ± 1,059.77 b | 104.37 ± 44.62 a | 517.28 ± 260.43 ab |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).
HBA, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives; HCA, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives; SE, standard error.
The content of flavanols was higher in the flesh with skin of
Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of
Phenolic group | Compound | ‘Poppins’ | ‘Single Cherry’ | ‘Frühlingsmorgen’ | ‘Frühlingsduft’ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavanols | Procyanidin dimer 1 | FS | 624.11 ± 198.54 ab | 298.81 ± 181.73 a | 555.59 ± 299.72 ab | 464.99 ± 133.42 ab | 783.54 ± 259.96 b |
S | 227.30 ± 24.41 a | 81.38 ± 29.51 a | 255.06 ± 95.24 a | 80.01 ± 32.60 a | 55.44 ± 11.35 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 2 | FS | 3.51 ± 1.03 a | 12.43 ± 3.87 a | 22.89 ± 13.01 a | 28.63 ± 15.16 a | 63.69 ± 19.93 b | |
S | 8.42 ± 2.19 a | 13.44 ± 6.16 ab | 23.68 ± 3.25 b | 18.36 ± 3.65 ab | 17.15 ± 2.19 ab | ||
Procyanidin dimer 3 | FS | 48.05 ± 19.78 a | 140.32 ± 47.71 a | 168.86 ± 91.75 a | 480.38 ± 152.04 b | 1050.27 ± 352.29 c | |
S | 6.68 ± 1.41 a | 11.14 ± 5.69 a | 41.10 ± 18.87 b | 2.34 ± 0.71 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 4 | FS | 763.20 ± 258.03 a | 915.33 ± 224.39 a | 2263.83 ± 938.62 b | 2798.91 ± 798.77 b | 898.13 ± 244.72 a | |
S | 0.10 ± 0.08 a | 0.56 ± 0.08 a | 2.05 ± 0.63a | 1.39 ± 0.92 a | 0.25 ± 0.03 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 5 | FS | 358.04 ± 102.45 a | 205.18 ± 107.08 a | 37604.18 ± 1,103.86 b | 1054.83 ± 552.07 a | 1314.54 ± 365.47 a | |
S | 58.22 ± 13.54 ab | 228.32 ± 81.51 be | 276.98 ± 63.31 c | 45.48 ± 28.73 ab | 37.76 ± 11.24 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 1 | FS | 22.79 ± 6.98 a | 42.67 ± 17.42 a | 75.56 ± 23.37 ab | 174.64 ± 69.58 be | 197.24 ± 47.38 c | |
S | 2.76 ± 1.85 a | 4.23 ± 1.27 a | 11.61 ± 4.62 a | 4.01 ± 0.55 a | 39.18 ± 12.05 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 2 | FS | 556.081 ± 176.26 a | 679.47 ± 209.38 a | 742.12 ± 208.39 a | 1055.67 ± 506.25 ab | 2052.13 ± 554.44 b | |
S | 2.86 ± 0.37 a | 1.79 ± 0.39 a | 3.24 ± 0.34 a | 2.65 ± 0.39 a | 1.84 ± 0.74 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 3 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 0.18 ± 0.08 a | 1.12 ± 0.55 b | 1.95 ± 0.45 c | 0.20 ± 0.13 a | 0.59 ± 0.35 ab | ||
Procyanidin trimer 4 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 2.02 ± 1.06 a | 2.19 ± 0.74 a | 18.94 ± 8.71 a | 0.39 ± 0.13 a | 0.20 ± 0.05 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 5 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 48.91 ± 22.31 a | 81.68 ± 37.21 a | 385.93 ± 145.92 b | 158.45 ± 54.04 ab | 262.84 ± 107.92 ab | ||
Procyanidin trimer 6 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 229.27 ± 53.28 a | 14.59 ± 6.35 a | 412.32 ± 201.98 a | 160.1 ± 29.86 a | 223.18 ± 54.41 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 7 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 33.15 ± 16.38 a | 10.23 ± 4.68 a | 221.00 ± 39.87 b | 367.28 ± 141.91 c | 24.47 ± 11.54 a | ||
Catechin | FS | 291.77 ± 198.25 a | 741.39 ± 129.03 ab | 1312.92 ± 232.34 b | 2061.68 ± 538.86 c | 2661.29 ± 1,092.08 c | |
S | 0.99 ± 0.16 a | 0.19 ± 0.11 a | 13.85 ± 6.13 a | 0.36 ± 0.06 a | 8.62 ± 2.38 a | ||
Epicatechin | FS | 22.50 ± 9.45 a | 72.69 ± 22.79 a | 133.85 ± 56.90 a | 147.96 ± 43.96 a | 572.56 ± 141.82 b | |
S | 68.71 ± 24.04 a | 125.08 ± 69.71 a | 357.15 ± 150.65 a | 63.36 ± 28.62 a | 243.87 ± 91.14 a | ||
PA dimer diglycoside | FS | 70.35 ± 25.89 a | 416.42 ± 152.89 ab | 936.35 ± 233.66 c | 288.22 ± 97.93 ab | 711.98 ± 275.98b c | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Dimer PA monogallate 1 | FS | 93.11 ± 26.05 a | 90.20 ± 20.35 a | 275.26 ± 91.79 a | 1249.47 ± 375.94 c | 695.19 ± 197.06 b | |
S | 50.32 ± 19.32 ab | 251.82 ± 45.83 ab | 609.44 ± 375.15 b | 18.59 ± 9.07 a | 24.86 ± 5.28 a | ||
Dimer PA monogallate 2 | FS | 17.49 ± 5.07 a | 45.06 ± 10.09 a | 259.42 ± 152.15 b | 702.67 ± 241.54 c | 282.55 ± 96.08 b | |
S | 108.72 ± 71.27 b | 212.20 ± 120.85 c | 31.19 ± 7.92 a | 54.03 ± 21.29 ab | 59.21 ± 17.11 ab | ||
PA dimer monoglycoside 1 | FS | 76.49 ± 17.98 a | 229.59 ± 95.48 a | 1112.50 ± 237.81 b | 1073.39 ± 240.35 b | 1076.45 ± 370.16 b | |
S | 32.05 ± 19.62 a | 54.09 ± 19.43 ac | 90.34 ± 25.06 c | 44.93 ± 18.06 ab | 74.17 ± 24.03 be | ||
PA dimer monoglycoside 2 | FS | 7.53 ± 2.94 a | 21.48 ± 6.29 ab | 38.04 ± 14.92 b | 46.66 ± 19.84 b | 94.82 ± 34.82 c | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 2955.02 ± 1,048.70 a | 3911.04 ± 1,168.50 a | 45501.37 ± 3,698.29 a | 11628.10 ± 3,767.71 a | 12409.38 ± 4,052.19 a | |
S | 880.66 ± 271.37 a | 1094.05 ± 430.07 a | 2753.88 ± 1,148.10 a | 1021.98 ± 370.72 a | 1073.65 ± 351.82 a | ||
Flavanols | Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 1.30 ± 0.31 a | 1.83 ± 0.32 a | 4.64 ± 1.91 a | 11.58 ± 2.91 ab | 19.59 ± 3.49 b |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2 | FS | 0.47 ± 0.16 a | 1.15 ± 0.11 a | 1.28 ± 0.25 a | 11.29 ± 3.31 b | 18.16 ± 5.36 c | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin-3-rutinoside | FS | 3.00 ± 0.82 a | 5.90 ± 2.58 a | 6.59 ± 3.28 a | 54.20 ± 20.12 b | 55.04 ± 23.59 b | |
S | 41.41 ± 27.05 a | 7.48 ± 3.17 a | 25.32 ± 7.31 a | 1.71 ± 0.73 a | 3.10 ± 0.32 a | ||
Quercetin-3-galactoside | FS | 4.01 ± 1.45 a | 24.63 ± 2.67 b | 17.86 ± 3.02 ab | 42.85 ± 25.98 c | 18.08 ± 3.66 ab | |
S | 27.95 ± 13.64 a | 18.84 ± 2.38 a | 27.20 ± 10.97 a | 20.98 ± 10.47 a | 42.11 ± 27.04 a | ||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | FS | 3.77 ± 0.36 a | 23.19 ± 2.46 a | 10.26 ± 1.39 a | 215.75 ± 124.74 b | 16.66 ± 7.22 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Kaempferol hexoside 1 | FS | 0.25 ± 0.02 a | 1.47 ± 0.16 a | 0.65 ± 0.09 a | 16.05 ± 8.16 b | 5.11 ± 3.51 a | |
S | 3.06 ± 0.87 a | 2.38 ± 0.65 a | 2.08 ± 0.71 a | 3.16 ± 1.25 a | 1.53 ± 0.56 a | ||
Kaempferol hexoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | - | - | |
S | 0.68 ± 0.32 a | 0.28 ± 0.09 a | 0.27 ± 0.11 a | 0.31 ± 0.15 a | 0.51 ± 0.14 a | ||
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1 | FS | 4.27 ± 2.49 a | 14.55 ± 6.21 a | 98.34 ± 9.59 ab | 28.39 ± 9.92 a | 163.59 ± 30.02 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 2 | FS | 16.96 ± 2.45 a | 17.04 ± 1.28 a | 69.32 ± 13.22 a | 322.74 ± 104.80 b | 265.37 ± 145.39 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin-3-glucuronide | FS | 5.68 ± 2.02 a | 13.77 ± 1.21 a | 93.04 ± 12.50 be | 28.43 ± 14.36 ab | 140.96 ± 60.34 c | |
S | 21.26 ± 12.89 a | 3.12 ± 0.57 b | 22.71 ± 10.52 a | 0.29 ± 0.12 c | 0.32 ± 0.14 c | ||
Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside | FS | 0.003 ± 0.001 a | 0.01 ± 0.001 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.04 b | |
S | 0.77 ± 0.09 a | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.94 ± 0.45 a | 0.01 ± 0.004 a | 0.003 ± 0.001 a | ||
Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside | FS | 0.57 ± 0.25 a | 0.97 ± 0.23 a | 0.75 ± 0.16 a | 4.91 ± 0.96 b | 2.36 ± 0.69 ab | |
S | 1.54 ± 0.31 b | 0.96 ± 0.17 ab | 0.84 ± 0.41 ab | 0.76 ± 0.48 ab | 0.27 ± 0.09 a | ||
Isorhamnetin-3-rhamnoside | FS | 0.31 ± 1.20 a | 0.79 ± 0.06 b | 0.29 ± 0.05 a | 0.31 ± 0.04 a | 0.72 ± 0.19 ab | |
S | 1.26 ± 0.20 ac | 1.58 ± 0.14b c | 0.62 ± 0.29 a | 1.85 ± 0.29 c | 0.71 ± 0.17 ab | ||
Isorhanmetin-3-hexoside | FS | 0.52 ± 0.12 a | 1.25 ± 0.11 ab | 1.20a ± 0.12 b | 2.61 ± 0.36 b | 4.44 ± 1.54 c | |
S | 0.21 ± 0.03 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 a | 0.13 ± 0.06 a | 0.32 ± 0.06 a | 0.25 ± 0.06 a | ||
Isorhamnetin pentoside 1 | FS | 4.28 ± 1.20 a | 6.15 ± 1.45 a | 4.78 ± 1.03 a | 244.12 ± 120.95 a | 34.07 ± 16.96 a | |
S | 7.58 ± 1.19 a | 5.88 ± 2.00 a | 8.41 ± 5.20 a | 4.59 ± 2.41 a | 2.26 ± 0.31 a | ||
Isorhamnetin pentoside 2 | FS | 3.98 ± 1.21 a | 10.80 ± 0.87 ab | 3.94 ± 0.69 a | 4.99 ± 0.89 a | 22.64 ± 7.04 b | |
S | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.25 ± 0.14 a | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | ||
Quercetin-3-rhamnoside | FS | 7.36 ± 1.23 a | 15.89 ± 1.38 a | 15.31 ± 1.52 a | 25.60 ± 6.10 ab | 47.39 ± 12.41 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin-acetylhexoside | FS | 0.36 ± 0.06 ab | 0.78 ± 0.06 b | 0.29 ± 0.05 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 a | 0.46 ± 0.18 ab | |
S | 0.05 ± 0.009 a | 0.10 ± 0.05 a | 0.11 ± 0.06 a | 0.02 ± 0.006 a | 0.19 ± 0.07 a | ||
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 1 | FS | 0.28 ± 0.06 a | 0.52 ± 0.04 a | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | 0.62 ± 0.33 a | 0.39 ± 0.08a | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 2 | FS | 0.29 ± 0.09 a | 0.48 ± 0.03 a | 1.43 ± 0.64 a | 1.07 ± 0.25 a | 4.22 ± 0.84 b | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin galloyl pentoside 3 | FS | 0.01 ± 0.006 a | 0.51 ± 0.09 ab | 1.02 ± 0.79 ab | 2.29 ± 0.52 b | 1.91 ± 0.25 ab | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin-3-xyloside | FS | 8.28 ± 3.96 a | 8.11 ± 2.96 a | 32.97 ± 4.56 a | 165.21 ± 16.67 b | 144.23 ± 28.71 b | |
S | 3.28 ± 0.57 a | 1.51 ± 0.11 a | 2.47 ± 0.39 a | 3.52 ± 0.95 a | 13.95 ± 0.79 a | ||
Total | FS | 65.95 ± 19.47 a | 149.79 ± 24.28 a | 364.21 ± 54.90 ab | 1210.35 ± 461.41 b | 947.52 ± 351.51 ab | |
S | 109.24 ± 57.02 a | 42.65 ± 9.39 a | 91.35 ± 36.51 a | 37.59 ± 16.94 a | 65.20 ± 29.71 a | ||
Flavones | Apigenin derivative 1 | FS | 0.56 ± 0.07 a | 3.57 ± 1.52 a | 4.87 ± 2.36 a | 38.19 ± 18.17 a | 29.6 ± 3.47 a |
S | 2.21 ± 0.24 a | 1.17 ± 0.09 a | 1.69 ± 0.66 a | 1.29 ± 0.62 a | 2.57 ± 0.48 a | ||
Apigenin derivative 2 | FS | 0.003 ± 0 a | 0.001 ± 0.0001 a | 0.002 ± 0.001 a | 0.02 ± 0.016 a | 0.01 ± 0.003 a | |
S | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 0.56 ± 0.07 a | 3.57 ± 1.52 ab | 4.87 ± 2.36 ab | 38.21 ± 18.12 b | 29.61 ± 3.47 ab | |
S | 2.21 ± 0.24 a | 1.17 ± 0.09 a | 1.69 ± 0.66 a | 1.29 ± 0.62 a | 2.57 ± 0.48 a | ||
Dihydrochalcone | Phloridzin | FS | 117.31 ± 29.81 a | 140.04 ± 9.59 a | 414.87 ± 186.71 a | 261.26 ± 52.16 a | 964.13 ± 33.32 b |
S | - | - | - | - | - |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).
SE, standard error.
The total content of phenolic compounds (Figure 4) in the flesh with skin of rose hips of
Total phenolic content (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of
There was no significant differences in the HBA content (Table 8) in flesh with skin and in seeds. Gallic acid was determined only in the hips flesh with skin. Methyl ellagic acid pentosides 1 and 2, which were detected only in the seeds, showed no significant differences between samples. The total content of HCA was higher in the flesh with skin than in the seeds, also without significant differences between seeds and between flesh with skin. Digalloylquinic acid 1 was determined only in the flesh with skin, while trigalloyl hexosides 1 and 2 and methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside were present only in the seeds. Di-HHDP-hexosides 1 and 2 and HHDP-digalloyl hexoside isomer 3 compounds were present only in the hips with skin. Galloyl-bis-HHDP-hexoside 2 was present only in the seeds. No significant differences were analysed between ellagitannins in flesh with skin and in seeds.
The content ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of phenolic compounds (HBA, HCA, gallotannins and ellagitannins) in rose hips of
Phenolic group | Compound | ‘Violacea’ | ‘Splendens’ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBA | Gallic acid | FS | 72.13 ± 11.03 ab | 54.78 ± 18.81 a | 127.40 ± 17.48 b |
S | - | - | - | ||
Ellagic acid pentoside 1 | FS | 9.45 ± 3.44 a | 5.67 ± 2.29 a | 5.03 ± 2.69 a | |
S | 5.43 ± 2.03 a | 11.64 ± 5.39 a | 4.15 ± 0.18 a | ||
Ellagic acid pentoside 2 | FS | 1.23 ± 0.37 a | 2.91 ± 1.37 a | 1.53 ± 0.24 a | |
S | 1.32 ± 0.44 a | 0.84 ± 0.31 a | 0.82 ± 0.32 a | ||
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 1 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 1.22 ± 0.35 a | 1.22 ± 0.41 a | 0.58 ± 0.12 a | ||
Methyl ellagic acid pentoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 1.26 ± 0.36 a | 0.78 ± 0.49 a | 0.47 ± 0.39 a | ||
Total | FS | 82.80 ± 14.84 a | 63.36 ± 22.47 a | 134.54 ± 20.41 a | |
S | 9.23 ± 3.18 a | 14.48 ± 6.30 a | 5.44 ± 1.01 a | ||
HCA | FS | 636.74 ± 119.49 a | 1111.94 ± 697.73 a | 1314.25 ± 263.63 a | |
S | 1.45 ± 0.35 a | 1.57 ± 0.43 a | 2.15 ± 0.53 a | ||
FS | - | - | - | ||
S | 4.66 ± 1.41 b | 1.28 ± 0.38 ab | 1.01 ± 0.35 a | ||
5-caffeoylquinic acid 1 | FS | 6.55 ± 3.36 a | 53.36 ± 25.88 a | 23.34 ± 4.74 b | |
S | 1.02 ± 0.25 a | 1.26 ± 0.43 a | 0.80 ± 0.45 a | ||
5-caffeoylquinic acid 2 | FS | 52.81 ± 12.72 a | 2.17 ± 1.04 a | 61.24 ± 26.61 a | |
S | 6.85 ± 2.03 a | 7.02 ± 1.51 a | 6.09 ± 3.18 a | ||
Sinapic acid hexoside 1 | FS | 256.49 ± 55.18 a | 320.10 ± 103.97 a | 557.87 ± 116.94 a | |
S | 0.18 ± 0.05 a | 0.22 ± 0.08 a | 0.14 ± 0.07 a | ||
Sinapic acid hexoside 2 | FS | 0.48 ± 0.11 a | 1.69 ± 0.71 a | 2.16 ± 0.45 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
3-caffeoylquinic acid 1 | FS | 326.12 ± 191.43 a | 235.82 ± 157.48 a | 395.29 ± 136.67 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
3-caffeoylquinic acid 2 | FS | 38.56 ± 19.27 a | 137.03 ± 80.39 a | 174.68 ± 73.67 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
4-caffeoylquinic acid | FS | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.25 ± 0.10 a | 0.32 ± 0.07 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
5- |
FS | 83.77 ± 32.76 a | 61.37 ± 26.12 a | 92.80 ± 44.70 a | |
S | 14.54 ± 4.33 a | 12.41 ± 5.61 a | 16.99 ± 2.61 a | ||
5- |
FS | 334.81 ± 162.66 a | 179.39 ± 93.52 a | 219.31 ± 143.98 a | |
S | 3.51 ± 2.18 a | 1.99 ± 0.71 a | 2.81 ± 0.37 a | ||
3- |
FS | 10.34 ± 1.94 a | 18.06 ± 7.13 a | 21.34 ± 9.28 a | |
S | 0.02 ± 0.008 a | 0.014 ± 0.006 a | 0.04 ± 0.001 a | ||
4- |
FS | 26.56 ± 16.39 a | 36.30 ± 19.93 a | 30.80 ± 18.35 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 1773.30 ± 615.33 a | 2227.48 ± 1,214.00 a | 2893.40 ± 839.27 a | |
S | 32.23 ± 10.61 a | 25.89 ± 9.16 a | 30.03 ± 7.56 a | ||
Gallotannins | Digalloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 67.04 ± 22.74 a | 87.20 ± 36.43 a | 205.58 ± 146.16 a |
S | 75.01 ± 25.98 a | 53.02 ± 26.18 a | 69.88 ± 31.97 a | ||
Digalloyl hexoside 2 | FS | 144.73 ± 40.24 a | 153.85 ± 70.31 a | 289.52 ± 144.26 a | |
S | 97.57 ± 29.68 a | 44.31 ± 26.99 a | 97.01 ± 41.48 a | ||
Methyl gallate hexoside | FS | 268.34 ± 153.01 a | 114.97 ± 86.74 a | 859.74 ± 353.67 b | |
S | 166.63 ± 47.99 a | 61.23 ± 28.79 a | 167.63 ± 75.79 a | ||
Digalloylquinic acid 1 | FS | 196.67 ± 92.76 a | 157.35 ± 63.74 a | 375.45 ± 169.14 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Trigalloyl hexoside 1 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 171.25 ± 51.67 a | 133.92 ± 37.81 a | 137.53 ± 37.69 a | ||
Trigalloyl hexoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 4.78 ± 1.21 a | 5.84 ± 2.51 a | 6.22 ± 2.14 a | ||
Methyl gallate rutinoside | FS | 3.41 ± 0.15 a | 4.72 ± 1.95 a | 6.95 ± 1.49 a | |
S | 0.0004 ± 0.0 a | 0.0002 ± 0.0 a | 0.0001 ± 0.00 a | ||
Methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 0.82 ± 0.19 a | 0.81 ± 0.67 a | 0.39 ± 0.04 a | ||
Total | FS | 680.19 ± 308.90 a | 518.09 ± 259.17 a | 1737.24 ± 814.72 a | |
S | 516.06 ± 156.72 a | 299.13 ± 122.95 a | 478.66 ± 189.11 a | ||
Ellagitannins | diHHDP hexoside 1 | FS | - | - | - |
S | 299.13 ± 102.62 a | 60.85 ± 25.35 a | 102.65 ± 54.16 a | ||
diHHDP hexoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 5.21 ± 1.35 a | 8.14 ± 3.76 ab | 16.48 ± 6.14 b | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 1 | FS | 24.89 ± 15.08 a | 32.24 ± 12.85 ab | 69.63 ± 31.19 b | |
S | 25.34 ± 6.08 a | 27.36 ± 7.42 a | 37.45 ± 10.34 a | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 2 | FS | 311.24 ± 116.63 a | 403.00 ± 210.69 ab | 870.41 ± 321.98 b | |
S | 12.71 ± 3.16 a | 15.60 ± 5.32 a | 9.97 ± 5.65 a | ||
HHDP digalloyl hexoside isomer 3 | FS | 30.16 ± 18.36 a | 15.66 ± 7.79 a | 48.84 ± 28.06 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 1 | FS | 18.63 ± 4.75 a | 30.29 ± 16.74 a | 46.32 ± 13.75 a | |
S | 0.87 ± 0.42 a | 0.42 ± 0.25 a | 0.39 ± 0.21 a | ||
Galloyl bis HHDP hexoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 0.23 ± 0.14 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | 0.05 ± 0.03 a | ||
HHDP galloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 16.53 ± 6.97 a | 17.38 ± 4.47 a | 11.64 ± 4.18 a | |
S | 26.97 ± 8.14 a | 21.09 ± 5.96 a | 21.66 ± 5.93 a | ||
HHDP galloyl hexoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 a | ||
Total | FS | 401.45 ± 161.79 a | 498.57 ± 252.54 a | 1046.84 ± 399.19 a | |
S | 370.51 ± 122.20 a | 72.71 ± 48.09 a | 188.76 ± 82.48 a |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between different genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).
HBA, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives; HCA, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives; SE, standard error.
Table 9 shows the content of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of
Contents ± SE (mg · kg−1 f.w.) of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcone in rose hips of
Phenolic group | Compound | ‘Violacea’ | ‘Splendens’ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavanols | Procyanidin dimer 1 | FS | 3126.14 ± 752.27 a | 1361.77 ± 338.39 a | 3401.99 ± 1562.04 a |
S | 1.27 ± 0.41 a | 0.53 ± 0.24 a | 0.32 ± 0.21 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 2 | FS | 896.30 ± 162.67 a | 704.06 ± 186.69 a | 776.21 ± 140.02 a | |
S | 359.41 ± 193.31 a | 562.13 ± 259.37 ab | 1137.43 ± 413.09 b | ||
Procyanidin dimer 3 | FS | 0.003 ± 0.001 a | 0.004 ± 0.001 a | 0.005 ± 0.001 a | |
S | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 4 | FS | 321.68 ± 168.16 a | 157.21 ± 48.47 a | 268.21 ± 161.94 a | |
S | 13.65 ± 3.46 a | 16.69 ± 7.12 a | 17.76 ± 9.08 a | ||
Procyanidin dimer 5 | FS | 0.25 ± 0.09 a | 0.39 ± 0.18 a | 0.33 ± 0.18 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Epicatechin | FS | 7.70 ± 1.86 a | 10.52 ± 2.56 a | 8.93 ± 3.42 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Catechin | FS | 195.79 ± 39.76 a | 276.17 ± 30.62 a | 631.35 ± 256.12 b | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Catechin hexoside | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 236.22 ± 57.93 a | 193.09 ± 64.69 a | 146.45 ± 74.25 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 1 | FS | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.13 ± 0.09 b | |
S | 17.87 ± 5.39 a | 13.97 ± 3.95 a | 14.35 ± 3.93 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 2 | FS | 706.44 ± 262.14 a | 414.42 ± 168.13 a | 1985.02 ± 696.19 b | |
S | 1.06 ± 0.45 a | 0.83 ± 0.36 a | 2.19 ± 0.84 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 3 | FS | 14.28 ± 6.25 a | 18.49 ± 9.24 ab | 39.93 ± 23.06 b | |
S | 3.36 ± 0.84 a | 4.13 ± 1.41a | 2.64 ± 0.15 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 4 | FS | 621.06 ± 216.47 a | 652.65 ± 209.54 a | 437.19 ± 185.76 a | |
S | 3.94 ± 1.22 a | 3.43 ± 1.52 a | 3.92 ± 0.39 a | ||
Procyanidin trimer 5 | FS | 1391.21 ± 487.65 a | 1247.21 ± 442.01 a | 2709.28 ± 730.14 b | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Procyanidin trimer 6 | FS | 22.16 ± 9.16 a | 31.78 ± 18.45 a | 50.99 ± 24.07 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Procyanidin tetramer 1 | FS | 0.88 ± 0.16 a | 1.53 ± 0.96 a | 1.81 ± 0.36 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Procyanidin tetramer 2 | FS | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Procyanidin tetramer 3 | FS | 6.99 ± 1.48 a | 3.42 ± 1.05 a | 5.84 ± 1.35 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Procyanidin tetramer 5 | FS | 242.38 ± 106.21 a | 221.99 ± 99.87 a | 312.46 ± 162.14 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Dimer PA monogallate 1 | FS | 77.65 ± 17.67 a | 111.36 ± 43.94 a | 178.68 ± 37.95 a | |
S | 65.98 ± 10.92 a | 65.69 ± 8.46 a | 63.32 ± 18.36 a | ||
Dimer PA monogallate 2 | FS | 0.15 ± 0.05 a | 0.24 ± 0.11 a | 0.19 ± 0.05 a | |
S | 39.43 ± 15.71 a | 19.32 ± 15.06 a | 17.60 ± 4.30 a | ||
Dimer PA monogallate 3 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 1.17 ± 0.51 a | 0.66 ± 0.34 a | 0.92 ± 0.49 a | ||
PA dimer monoglycoside 1 | FS | 7874.00 ± 1,699.11 a | 12317.33 ± 4,413.33 a | 49035.33 ± 9560.51 b | |
S | 7.81 ± 2.46 a | 12.22 ± 5.08 ab | 24.72 ± 11.36 b | ||
PA dimer monoglycoside 2 | FS | 1834.54 ± 368.39 ab | 842.22 ± 395.60 a | 3003.20 ± 627.29 b | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 17340.065 ± 4,299.589 a | 18372.908 ± 6,409.199 a | 62848.269 ± 14172.699 a | |
S | 750.79 ± 292.635 a | 892.87 ± 367.62 a | 1431.73 ± 536.47 a | ||
Flavanones | Naringenin hexoside 1 | FS | 0.46 ± 0.12 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | - |
S | 0.46 ± 0.14 a | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.04 a | ||
Naringenin hexoside 2 | FS | 0.30 ± 0.28 a | 0.44 ± 0.18 a | 0.33 ± 0.32 a | |
S | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | ||
Naringenin hexoside 3 | FS | 0.005 ± 0.001 ab | 0.002 ± 0.001 a | 0.001 ± 0.001 b | |
S | 0.02 ± 0.005 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | ||
Naringenin hexoside 4 | FS | 2.64 ± 0.06 a | 5.48 ± 1.15 a | 0.86 ± 0.03 a | |
S | 0.67 ± 0.55 a | 0.32 ± 0.09 a | 0.46 ± 0.08 a | ||
Naringenin hexoside 5 | FS | 0.59 ± 0.18 a | 0.37 ± 0.13 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 3.995 ± 0.641 b | 6.552 ± 1.441 c | 1.221 ± 0.361 a | |
S | 1.17 ± 0.705 a | 0.47 ± 0.12 a | 0.67 ± 0.15 a | ||
Flavonoles | Quercetin galloyl hexoside 1 | FS | 2.09 ± 0.70 b | 4.44 ± 1.27 a | - |
S | 0.18 ± 0.15 a | 0.17 ± 0.07 a | 0.26 ± 0.13 a | ||
Quercetin galloyl hexoside 2 | FS | 0.59 ± 0.13 ab | 0.27 ± 0.14 a | 1.28 ± 0.34 b | |
S | 0.34 ± 0.04 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.19 a | ||
Quercetin-3-rutinoside | FS | 0.0006 ± 0.0002 b | 0.001 ± 0.0004 a | - | |
S | 1.02 ± 0.44 a | 0.65 ± 0.19 a | 0.63 ± 0.38 a | ||
Quercetin-3-galactoside | FS | 4.48 ± 1.04 a | 6.40 ± 3.08 a | 4.75 ± 0.54 a | |
S | 0.79 ± 0.29 a | 2.15 ± 0.34 a | 2.31 ± 0.85 a | ||
Quercetin-3-glucoside | FS | 24.44 ± 15.15 a | 1.80 ± 0.29 a | 3.93 ± 0.49 a | |
S | 1.74 ± 0.13 b | 1.32 ± 0.13 ab | 0.77 ± 0.31 a | ||
Kaempferol hexoside 1 | FS | 1.08 ± 0.34 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.17 ± 0.06 a | |
S | 0.34 ± 0.15 a | 0.22 ± 0.07 a | 0.21 ± 0.13 a | ||
Kaempferol hexoside 2 | FS | 1.01 ± 0.07 a | 2.22 ± 0.91 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | |
S | 9.48 ± 5.02 a | 22.73 ± 7.87 a | 9.98 ± 0.24 a | ||
Kaempferol derivate | FS | 0.96 ± 0.38 a | 0.98 ± 0.39 a | 0.71 ± 0.27 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Phloretin pentosyl hexoside 1 | FS | 1.04 ± 0.42 a | 0.22 ± 0.14 a | 0.41 ± 0.08 a | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Quercetin-3-glucuronide | FS | 3.35 ± 1.35 a | 0.69 ± 0.46 a | 1.31 ± 0.25 a | |
S | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.02 ± 0.0006 a | ||
Quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside | FS | 13.09 ± 2.89 a | 18.98 ± 9.19 a | 16.96 ± 4.22 a | |
S | 6.02 ± 3.79 a | 4.89 ± 1.95 a | 1.31 ± 0.56 a | ||
Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside | FS | 10.85 ± 7.98 a | 23.99 ± 4.45 a | 3.82 ± 3.78 a | |
S | 1.04 ± 0.55 a | 2.49 ± 0.86 a | 1.09 ± 0.03 a | ||
Isorhamnetin pentoside 1 | FS | 0.07 ± 0.05 a | 0.16 ± 0.03 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | |
S | 6.31 ± 3.98 a | 5.12 ± 2.04 a | 1.38 ± 0.59 a | ||
Isorhamnetin pentoside 2 | FS | - | - | - | |
S | 0.21 ± 0.05 a | 0.28 ± 0.23 a | 0.05 ± 0.008 a | ||
Quercetin-3-rhamnoside | FS | 4.71 ± 1.01 a | 6.85 ± 2.29 a | 5.22 ± 0.51 a | |
S | 0.69 ± 0.42 a | 1.25 ± 0.27 a | 0.35 ± 0.06 a | ||
Quercetin-3-xyloside | FS | 14.87 ± 6.19 a | 23.83 ± 4.19 a | 11.09 ± 2.69 a | |
S | 5.01 ± 1.92 a | 0.66 ± 0.18 a | 1.58 ± 0.45 a | ||
Total | FS | 82.63 ± 37.70 a | 90.91 ± 26.71 a | 50.03 ± 13.27 a | |
S | 33.19 ± 16.94 a | 42.20 ± 14.23 a | 20.15 ± 3.93 a | ||
Flavones derivative 1 | Apigenin | FS | 0.05 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.03 b |
S | - | - | - | ||
Total | FS | 0.05 ± 0.01 ab | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.03 b | |
S | - | - | - | ||
Dihydrochalcone | Phloridzin | FS | 78.52 ± 13.88 a | 97.56 ± 31.62 a | 78.73 ± 10.33 a |
Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between genotypes, separately for flesh with skin (FS) and seed (S).
SE, standard error.
Figure 5 shows the cluster dendrogram for the total phenolic compound content in the flesh with skin and in the seeds for all 12
Hierarchical cluster analysis of the content of total phenolic compounds in flesh with skin (left) and in seeds (right) for all 12 analysed rose hips.
Examining the classification based on the content of cyanidin-3-glucoside, it can be seen (Figure 6) that the genotypes are divided into two groups. The first group with the cultivar ‘Single Cherry’ (
Hierarchical cluster analysis for the total content of cyanidin-3-glucoside in flesh with skin for all 12 analysed rose hips.
As part of research work, we determined the colour parameters and the content of bioactive compounds in the rose hips of three native Slovenian roses and cultivars derived from them, growing in Arboretum Volčji Potok (Slovenia).
Lancaster et al. (1997) reported that fruit skin colour results from several parameters, among which pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids in the chloroplast and chromoplast, and phenolic pigments (anthocyanins, flavonols and proanthocyanidins) in the vacuole are of great importance. The expression of pigment colour also depends on physical factors such as the presence of cuticular growth, epidermal hairs, the shape and orientation of cells in the epidermis and subepidermis. They concluded that pigments and surface topography selectively absorb and refract incident visible light to produce a reflectance spectrum characteristic of the particular fruit skin. Comparing the Hunter Lab colour content determined in the current study (Sahingil and Hayaloglu, 2022) with the results of the study by Cunja et al. (2015), who measured the colour parameters of
The total analysed phenolic content (excluding anthocyanins) in the flesh with skin was lowest in the modern cultivar of
When the compounds present were examined, it was found that 45 phenolic compounds were determined in the flesh with the skin of
In the study, we included roses that were grown in the park, which means that they were regularly maintained (irrigation, fertilisation, treatments against pests and diseases), unlike some other, similar studies (Kunc et al., 2022), where the plants were grown in a natural environment and not maintained and were also highly exposed to stress factors. Despite all this, from the results obtained, it appears that the content of the compounds analysed is extremely higher. This also indicates a great influence of the genotype to the phenolic picture of the hips.
The content of the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside was determined in rose hips. The cultivar ‘Single Cherry’ derived from
The phenolic compounds of rose hips from 12 different roses (