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Inhibitory action of ginkgolic acid against pathogenic fungi and characterisation of its inhibitory activities on Nigrospora oryzae

Jing Liu
Jing Liu
, 
Jiuliang Chen
Jiuliang Chen
, 
Shuhong Ye
Shuhong Ye
, 
Yan Ding
Yan Ding
, 
Shuhang Guo
Shuhang Guo
 y 
Ningning Fan
Ningning Fan
   | 26 jun 2023
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Article Category: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Publicado en línea: 26 jun 2023
Páginas: 49 - 59
Recibido: 04 jul 2022
Aceptado: 26 ene 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0004
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© 2023 Jing Liu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

HPLC chromatogram of the standard substance mixture and purified ginkgolic acid. Standard samples are indicated by the black line and by the red line for purified ginkgolic acid by the red line. HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography.
HPLC chromatogram of the standard substance mixture and purified ginkgolic acid. Standard samples are indicated by the black line and by the red line for purified ginkgolic acid by the red line. HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography.

Figure 2

Infrared spectrum of ginkgolic acid.
Infrared spectrum of ginkgolic acid.

Figure 3

Growth status of Nigrospora oryzae on PDA medium with 80% ethanol and different concentrations of ginkgolic acid (0 mg · mL−1, 2.5 mg · mL−1, 5 mg · mL−1 and 10 mg · mL−1). PDA, potato dextrose agar.
Growth status of Nigrospora oryzae on PDA medium with 80% ethanol and different concentrations of ginkgolic acid (0 mg · mL−1, 2.5 mg · mL−1, 5 mg · mL−1 and 10 mg · mL−1). PDA, potato dextrose agar.

Figure 4

Optical microscopic images (10 × 40) of cell membranes of Nigrospora oryzae cultured (A) without and (B) with ginkgolic acid.
Optical microscopic images (10 × 40) of cell membranes of Nigrospora oryzae cultured (A) without and (B) with ginkgolic acid.

Figure 5

Effect of ginkgolic acid on electrical conductivity (A) and mycelial protein (B) of Nigrospora oryzae. Vertical lines represent standard errors of three replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test at p < 0.05.
Effect of ginkgolic acid on electrical conductivity (A) and mycelial protein (B) of Nigrospora oryzae. Vertical lines represent standard errors of three replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test at p < 0.05.

Figure 6

Effect of ginkgolic acid on the activities of (A) SOD and (B) CAT in Nigrospora oryzae. Each value is the mean of three experiments. Bars represent the standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test at p < 0.05. CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase.
Effect of ginkgolic acid on the activities of (A) SOD and (B) CAT in Nigrospora oryzae. Each value is the mean of three experiments. Bars represent the standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test at p < 0.05. CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase.

Figure 7

Protection of leaves by ginkgolic acid. (A) treatment with sterile distilled water after Nigrospora oryzae inoculation; (B) treatment with ginkgolic acid after N. oryzae inoculation; (C) treatment with sterile distilled water after inoculation with sterile distilled water; (D) treatment with ginkgolic acid after inoculation with sterile distilled water. The concentration of spore suspension used for inoculation was 106 CFU · mL−1, and the concentration of ginkgolic acid was 5 mg · mL−1. CFU, colony-forming units.
Protection of leaves by ginkgolic acid. (A) treatment with sterile distilled water after Nigrospora oryzae inoculation; (B) treatment with ginkgolic acid after N. oryzae inoculation; (C) treatment with sterile distilled water after inoculation with sterile distilled water; (D) treatment with ginkgolic acid after inoculation with sterile distilled water. The concentration of spore suspension used for inoculation was 106 CFU · mL−1, and the concentration of ginkgolic acid was 5 mg · mL−1. CFU, colony-forming units.

Figure 8

Degree of leaf disease: (A) treatment with sterile distilled water after Nigrospora oryzae inoculation; (B) treatment with ginkgolic acid after N. oryzae inoculation; (C) treatment with sterile distilled water after inoculation with sterile distilled water; (D) treatment with ginkgolic acid after inoculation with sterile distilled water. The concentration of spore suspension used for inoculation was 106 CFU · mL−1, and the concentration of ginkgolic acid was 5 mg · mL−1. CFU, colony-forming units.
Degree of leaf disease: (A) treatment with sterile distilled water after Nigrospora oryzae inoculation; (B) treatment with ginkgolic acid after N. oryzae inoculation; (C) treatment with sterile distilled water after inoculation with sterile distilled water; (D) treatment with ginkgolic acid after inoculation with sterile distilled water. The concentration of spore suspension used for inoculation was 106 CFU · mL−1, and the concentration of ginkgolic acid was 5 mg · mL−1. CFU, colony-forming units.

The wavenumber of ginkgolic acid.

Wavenumber, cm−1 Main characteristic peak assignment The group
3,426.36 O–H stretching vibration −OH
2,925.45 C–H stretching vibration −CH3
1,718.90 C=O stretching vibration −C=O
1,626.12 Aromatic ring – C=C stretching vibration Benzene ring
1,484.59 Aromatic ring – C=C stretching vibration Benzene ring
1,077.92 C–O stretching vibration −C–OH
818.20 Aromatic ring =C–H plane bending vibration −C–H
778.24 Aromatic ring =C–H plane bending vibration −C–H

Inhibition of fungi by ginkgolic acid.

Species Control Concentration of ginkgolic acid
2.5 mg · mL-1 5 mg · mL-1 10 mg · mL-1
Fungistatic rate, %
Nigrospora oryzae 0.792 ±0.023 62.032 ±0.056 65.822 ±0.032 65.291 ±0.028
Penicillium expansum 2.883 ±0.021 2.891 ±0.048 3.041 ±0.043 3.044 ±0.031
Alternaria alternata 1.271 ±0.019 49.374 ±0.052 56.963 ±0.029 55.563 ±0.052
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