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Unrevealing the impact of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on cucumber seed vigour and surface disinfection

Bahar Atmaca
Bahar Atmaca
, 
Gulsun Akdemir Evrendilek
Gulsun Akdemir Evrendilek
, 
Nurullah Bulut
Nurullah Bulut
 y 
Sibel Uzuner
Sibel Uzuner
   | 21 oct 2021
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Article Category: Research article
Publicado en línea: 21 oct 2021
Páginas: 180 - 193
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ebtj-2021-0027
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© 2021 Bahar Atmaca, Gulsun Akdemir Evrendilek, Nurullah Bulut, and Sibel Uzuner, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Impact of PEF treatment on germination ability of cucumber seeds.
Impact of PEF treatment on germination ability of cucumber seeds.

Figure 2

Impact of PEF treatment on root formations of cucumber seeds.
Impact of PEF treatment on root formations of cucumber seeds.

Figure 3

Inactivation of cucumber seed endogenous microflora treated by PEF a) total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) and b) total mold and yeast (TMY).
Inactivation of cucumber seed endogenous microflora treated by PEF a) total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) and b) total mold and yeast (TMY).

Figure 4

Optimization of Gaussian process model.
Optimization of Gaussian process model.

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Energy (J) Germination rate (%)
2.day 3.day 4.day
0.00 90.00 ± 0.00bB 91.11 ± 1.92cB 93.33 ± 0.00cA
1.07 95.56 ± 1.92aA 95.56 ± 1.92bA 96.67 ± 0.00bA
1.36 93.33 ± 1.33aB 96.67 ± 3.33abA 98.89 ± 1.92abA
1.92 95.56 ± 1.92Aa 96.67 ± 3.33abA 98.89 ± 1.92abA
2.16 98.89 ± 1.92aA 98.89 ± 1.92abA 100.00 ± 0.00aA
3.21 95.33 ± 1.33aA 100.00 ± 0.00aA 100.00 ± 0.00aA
4.08 96.67 ± 1.33aB 100.00 ± 0.00aA 100.00 ± 0.00aA
5.35 96.67 ± 1.33aB 96.67 ± 0.00bB 100.00 ± 0.00aA
5.76 95.56 ± 4.09aA 98.89 ± 1.92abA 100.00 ± 0.00aA
6.48 93.33 ± 3.33aA 94.44 ± 1.92bA 97.78 ± 1.92abA
6.80 96.67 ± 1.33aA 96.67 ± 1.33bA 98.89 ± 1.92abA
8.55 95.56 ± 1.92aB 95.56 ± 1.92bB 100.00 ± 0.00aA
9.60 93.33 ± 0.00aC 96.67 ± 0.00bB 100.00 ± 0.00aA
10.80 96.67 ± 1.33aB 97.78 ± 1.92bB 100.00 ± 0.00aA
10.89 95.56 ± 1.92aB 96.67 ± 0.00bB 100.00 ± 0.00aA
15.36 96.67 ± 0.00ab 96.67 ± 0.00bB 100.00 ± 0.00aA
17.28 98.89 ± 1.92aB 97.78 ± 1.92bB 100.00 ± 0.00aA

Normal seedling rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Energy (J) Normal seedling rate (%)
0.00 72.62 ± 2.06d
1.07 75.86 ± 0.00c
1.36 89.81 ± 6.11b
1.92 96.63 ± 0.47a
2.16 95.18 ± 1.92a
3.21 86.67 ± 2.00b
4.08 86.67 ± 6.67b
5.35 85.56 ± 5.09b
5.76 92.22 ± 3.85ab
6.48 94.37 ± 3.78ab
6.80 83.14 ± 6.67b
8.55 85.56 ± 6.94b
9.60 93.33 ± 3.33ab
10.80 92.22 ± 5.09ab
10.89 83.33 ± 5.77b
15.36 91.11 ± 5.09ab
17.28 95.56 ± 1.92a

Best-fit non-linear regression models for the response variables of cucumber seed samples.

Response variable Goal Model R2 (%) R2pred (%) SE p DW
2nd day germination (%) Max 90.64+0.03362X1 21.26 16.20 2.94 0.001 1.949
3rd day germination (%) Max 91.15+0.0876X1-0.000303 X1*X1 31.14 22.38 2.22 0.008 1.578
4rd day germination (%) Max 93.379+0.0735X1+0.1887X2-0.000246 X1* X1 65.63 60.94 1.14 0.005 1.499
Normal seedling rate (%) Max 75.53+0.000623X1*X1 58.89 55.83 5.05 0.000 1.596
Cold test 24 °C- 5 day (%) Max 68.89+0.1715X1-0.000000X1*X1*X1*X1+ 0.000007X1*X3*X3*X3 43.72 33.18 4.96 0.047 1.215
EC- 4 h (μS cm-1g-1) Target (7.30) 7.335+0.000054X3*X3*X3*X3-0.000000X1*X1*X1*X2 35.59 28.36 0.88 0.000 1.754
TAMB (log cfu mL-1) Min 6.026-0.01320X1-0.000031X3*X3*X3*X3+0.000000X1* X1*X1*X3 55.42 48.86 0.52 0.001 1.233
TMY (log cfu mL-1) Min 9.4140-0.01034X1+0.000000 X1*X1*X1*X1-0.000005 X3*X3*X3*X3 71.93 68.17 0.17 0.000 1.578
8th day (200mM NaCI)(%) Max -0.000000+0.000043X1-0.000001X1*X1*X1+ 0.1300X3*X3*X3+ 0.000093X1*X3*X3-0.005486X1*X3*X3+0.0 00063X1*X2*X-0.003200 X3*X2*X+0.000000X1*X1*X1*X+ 0.02446X3*X3*X3*X-0.000001X1*X1*X1*X+ 221330.000034X1*X1*X3*X3+0.000003X1*X2*X3*X3-0.000783X1*X3*X3*X3-0.1035X2*X3*X3*X3+ 0.02328X3*X3*X2*X2-0.004283X3*X2*X2*X2 100 100 0.00 * *
9th day (200mM NaCI)(%) Max -0.000000+0.000043X1-0.000001X1*X1*X1+ 0.1300X3*X3*X3+0.000093X1*X1*X3-0.005486X1*X3*X3+ 0.00006X1*X3*X-0.003200X3*X2*X+ 0.00000022X1*X1*X1*X+0.02446X3*X3*X3*X-0.00000X1*X3321311 *X1*X3+0.000034X1*X1*X3*X3+0.000003X1*X2*X3*X3-0.000783X1*X3*X3*X3-0.1035X2*X3*X3*X3+ 0.02328X3*X3*X2*X2-0.004283 X3*X2*X2*X2 100 100 0.00 * *
10th day (100mM NaCI) (%) Max 8.316+0.10445X1-16.635X2-0.24945X1*X3+ 0.01730X1*X2+ 19.458X2*X3+0.6244X2*X2- 0.024510X1*X3*X2-2.570X2*X2*X3-0.16956X2*X3*X3-0.04402X2*X2*X2*X2+0.000006X1*X1*X1*X1 +0.002509X1*X2*X3*X2+0.13530 X2*X2*X2*X3 99.97 99.95 0.18 0.000 1.122
10th day (200mM NaCI)(%) Max 0.000-3.313X2-0.000397X1*X1+ 0.2139X1*X3 +0.3253X3*X3*X3-0.000749X1*X1*X3+ 0.004663X2*X2*X2- 0.05417X1*X3*X3-0.008062X3*X3*X3*X3+ 0.000196X1*X1*X3*X3-0.00494X2*X3*X3*X3 99.53 99.30 0.86 0.000 1.039
11th day (100mM NaCI) (%) Max 8.310-0.04121X1+3.9408X2*X2-0.001377X1*X1*X3-0.013595X1*X3*X3- 0.06285X2*X2*X2*X2+0.000008X1*X1*X 1*X3+0.000050X1*X1*X3*X3+0.012250 X2*X2*X3*X2 99.52 99.41 1.50 0.000 1.099
11th day (200mM NaCI)(%) Max -1.310+0.009838X1*X2*X2-0.019665X1*X3*X3+0.000106 X1*X1*X3*X3 97.06 96.76 3.78 0.000 1.000
12th day (100mM NaCI) (%) Max 8.55-0.0908X1+0.1832X1*X2-0.002519X1*X1*X3-0.00435X2*X2*X2*X2+0.000012X1*X1*X1*X3 94.54 93.18 5.28 0.000 0.673
12th day (200mM NaCI)(%) Max -0.39+0.1158 X1+0.009501X1*X2*X2-0.02382X1*X3*X3-0.001925X3*X3*X3*X3-0.000002X1*X1*X1*X3+0.000169 X1*X1*X3*X3 96.54 95.66 4.96 0.000 0.869
13th day (100mM NaCI) (%) Max 23.61-0.1593X1+1.699X2*X2+0.1132X1*X2-0.002365X1*X1*X3-0.01960 X2*X2*X2*X2+0.000012 X1*X1*X1*X3 91.66 88.83 7.60 0.021 0.905
13th day (200(%) mM NaCI) Max 5.32+0.615X2*X2-0.1553X3*X3*X3+ 0.000913X1*X3*X3*X3 57.29 53.13 17.93 0.011 0.790

Three best solutions for the joint optimization of the 18 responses (R) as a function of the PEF treatments for cucumber seeds with the composite desirabilities of 0.868, 0.432 and 0.416.

Solution Response variable The three best solutions
1 2 3
1 2nd day germination (%) 96.692 95.795 95.752
2 3rd day germination (%) 97.104 97.461 97.468
3 4th day germination (%) 100.136 99.879 99.957
4 Normal seedling (%) rate 95.724 90.181 89.940
5 Cold test 24 °C-5 day (%) 86.611 85.060 85.174
6 Electrical conductivity-4 h (μS cm-1g-1) 8.050 4.788 4.850
7 TAMB (log cfu/g) 3.335 4.002 4.020
8 TMY (log cfu/g) 8.168 8.374 8.369
9 8th day (200mM NaCI) (%) 8.333 3.705 2.995
10 9th day (200mM NaCI) (%) 8.333 3.705 2.995
11 10th day (100mM NaCI)(%) 33.322 15.469 0.743
12 10th day (200mM NaCI)(%) 41.715 1.849 7.273
13 11th day (100mM NaCI)(%) 74.977 63.537 63.512
14 11th day (200mM NaCI)(%) 85.361 43.076 49.439
15 12th day (100mM NaCI)(%) 78.818 143.255 151.728
16 12th day (200mM NaCI)(%) 101.526 60.239 66.096
17 13th day (100mM NaCI)(%) 89.275 126.314 134.443
18 13th day (200mM NaCI)(%) 91.636 23.407 26.173

Changes in electrical conductivity (μS cm-1g-1) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples

Energy (J) Electrical conductivity (μS cm-1g-1)
4 hour 8 hour 24 hour
0.00 7.29±0.79abcA 8.06±0.67aAB 9.65±0.58abA
1.07 7.17±0.76abcB 8.22±0.17aB 9.82±0.14abA
1.36 5.92±1.82abcB 8.65±0.62aA 9.02±0.57bA
1.92 6.48±1.06abcC 8.79±0.56aB 9.74±0.57abA
2.16 7.44±0.18abcC 9.07±0.50aB 10.17±0.05abA
3.21 7.56±0.21abcC 8.75±0.27aB 9.62±0.37abA
4.08 6.91±0.21abcB 8.45±0.84aAB 9.73±0.64abA
5.35 7.24±0.32abcB 8.35±1.34aB 10.19±0.43abA
5.76 6.42±0.07abcC 8.84±0.23aB 10.33±0.08abA
6.48 5.57±0.40bcC 8.56±0.18aB 9.55±0.29abA
6.80 6.17±0.66abcC 7.85±0.39aB 8.98±0.47bA
8.55 6.28±0.69abcB 8.36±0.21aA 9.09±0.56bA
9.60 6.07±1.72abcC 8.93±0.46aB 10.41±0.73abA
10.80 5.87±0.11abcC 7.98±0.49aB 9.47±0.30abA
10.89 5.43±0.29cC 7.65±1.38aB 9.74±1.04abA
15.36 7.75±0.08abcC 8.88±0.07aB 9.85±0.67abA
17.28 7.94±0.79abC 9.18±0.28aB 10.61±0.15aA

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples under 100 mM NaCl salt stress

Energy (J) Germination rate (%)
8. day 9. day 10. day 11. day 12. day 13. day
0 0.00 ± 0.00aB 0.00 ± 0.00cB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 3.33 ± 0.30hA
1.07 0.00 ± 0.00aA 0.00 ± 0.00cA 0.00 ± 0.00eA 0.00 ± 0.00gA 0.00 ± 0.00gA 8.33 ± 0.00Ga
1.36 0.00 ± 0.00aB 0.00 ± 0.00cB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 16.67 ± 0.30fA
1.92 0.00 ± 0.00aB 0.00 ± 0.00cB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 16.67 ± 0.30fA
2.16 0.00 ± 0.00aB 0.00 ± 0.00cB 8.33 ± 0.00dA 8.33 ± 0.00fA 8.33 ± 0.00fA 8.33 ± 0.00gA
3.21 0.00 ± 0.00aE 0.00 ± 0.00cE 8.33 ± 0.00dD 16.67 ± 0.30eC 25.00 ± 0.00dB 33.33 ± 0.00dA
4.08 0.00 ± 0.00aB 0.00 ± 0.00cB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 16.67 ± 0.30fA
5.35 0.00 ± 0.00aE 16.67 ± 0.00aD 25.00 ± 0.30bC 33.33 ± 0.00cB 33.33 ± 0.30cB 41.67 ± 0.40cA
5.76 0.00 ± 0.00aB 0.00 ± 0.00cB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 8.33 ± 0.00gA
6.48 0.00 ± 0.00aD 16.67 ± 0.00aC 16.67 ± 0.30cC 25.00 ± 0.00dB 33.33 ± 0.30cA 33.33 ± 0.00dA
6.80 0.00 ± 0.00aD 8.33 ± 0.00bC 8.33 ± 0.30dC 16.67 ± 0.00eB 16.67 ± 0.00eB 25.00 ± 0.00eA
8.55 0.00 ± 0.00aD 0.00 ± 0.00cD 8.33 ± 0.00dC 25.00 ± 0.00dB 25.00 ± 0.00dB 33.33 ± 0.00dA
9.60 0.00 ± 0.00aB 0.00 ± 0.00cB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 0.00 ± 0.00gB 16.67 ± 0.30fA
10.80 0.00 ± 0.00aA 0.00 ± 0.00cA 16.67 ± 0.00cD 41.67 ± 0.40bC 58.33 ± 0.00bB 75.00 ± 0.30bA
10.89 0.00 ± 0.00aC 0.00 ± 0.00cC 8.33 ± 0.00dB 8.33 ± 0.00fB 16.67 ± 0.20eA 16.67 ± 0.00fA
15.36 0.00 ± 0.00aC 0.00 ± 0.00cC 0.00 ± 0.00eC 0.00 ± 0.00gC 8.33 ± 0.00fB 16.67 ± 0.30fA
17.28 0.00 ± 0.00aD 0.00 ± 0.00cD 33.33 ± 0.00aC 75.00 ± 0.00aB 75.00 ± 0.00aB 83.33 ± 0.00aA

Germination rate (%) of the control and PEF-treated cucumber seed samples under 200 mM NaCl salt stress

Energy (J) Germination rate (%)
8. day 9. day 10. day 11. day 12. day 13. day
0 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 8.33 ± 0.60eA
1.07 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 8.33 ± 0.60dA 8.33 ± 0.60eA
1.36 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 8.33 ± 0.60eA
1.92 0.00 ± 0.00bC 0.00 ± 0.00bC 0.00 ± 0.00dC 0.00 ± 0.00dC 16.67 ± 0.00cB 25.00 ± 0.00cA
2.16 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 8.33 ± 0.60eA
3.21 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 8.33 ± 0.60dA 8.33 ± 0.60eA
4.08 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 8.33 ± 0.60dA 8.33 ± 0.60eA
5.35 0.00 ± 0.00bC 0.00 ± 0.00bC 0.00 ± 0.00dC 0.00 ± 0.00dC 8.33 ± 0.60dB 16.67 ± 0.00dA
5.76 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 8.33 ± 0.60eA
6.48 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00dB 0.00 ± 0.00eB 8.33 ± 0.60eA
6.80 0.00 ± 0.00bA 0.00 ± 0.00bA 0.00 ± 0.00dA 0.00 ± 0.00dA 0.00 ± 0.00eA 8.33 ± 0.60eA
8.55 0.00 ± 0.00bD 0.00 ± 0.00bD 8.33 ± 0.60cC 8.33 ± 0.00cB 8.33 ± 0.60dB 16.67 ± 0.00dA
9.60 0.00 ± 0.00bD 0.00 ± 0.00bD 0.00 ± 0.00dD 8.33 ± 0.00cC 16.67 ± 0.00cB 66.67 ± 0.00bA
10.80 0.00 ± 0.00bE 0.00 ± 0.00bE 25.00 ± 0.50bD 41.67 ± 0.00bC 50.00 ± 0.60bB 66.67 ± 0.00bA
10.89 0.00 ± 0.00bB 0.00 ± 0.00bB 8.33 ± 0.00cA 8.33 ± 0.00cA 8.33 ± 0.60dA 8.33 ± 0.00eA
15.36 0.00 ± 0.00bD 0.00 ± 0.00bD 8.33 ± 0.00cC 8.33 ± 0.00cC 16.67 ± 0.00cB 66.67 ± 0.00bA
17.28 8.33 ± 0.00aD 8.33 ± 0.00aD 41.67 ± 0.00aC 83.33 ± 0.70aB 100.00 ± 0.00aA 100.00 ± 0.90aA
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