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Novel Aerogels Based on Citric Acid Crosslinked Bacterial Cellulose for Sustained Release of Nicotine in Oral Nicotine Products

Jian Zhou

Jian Zhou

Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco CorporationZhengzhou, China
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Zhou, Jian
, 
Zhan Zhang

Zhan Zhang

Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd.Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang, Zhan
, 
Ke Ma

Ke Ma

Zhengzhou University of Light IndustryZhengzhou, China
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Ma, Ke
, 
Yongming Xu

Yongming Xu

Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd.Zhengzhou, China
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Xu, Yongming
, 
Peng Li

Peng Li

Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco CorporationZhengzhou, China
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Li, Peng
 y 
Yixuan Wang

Yixuan Wang

Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd.Zhengzhou, China
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Wang, Yixuan
  
26 jul 2025
Novel Aerogels Based on Citric Acid Crosslinked Bacterial Cellulose for Sustained Release of Nicotine in Oral Nicotine Products's Cover Image
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Publicado en línea: 26 jul 2025
Páginas: 135 - 147
Recibido: 24 dic 2024
Aceptado: 17 jun 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2025-0013
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© 2025 Jian Zhou et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Schematic representation of material preparation and presentation of nicotinic dissolution intention.
Schematic representation of material preparation and presentation of nicotinic dissolution intention.

Figure 2.

Synthesis route of BC and CA crosslinking (a). FTIR spectra of aerogels (b) and partially enlarged image (c). The theoretically calculated and experimentally measured CA contents of the materials (d).
Synthesis route of BC and CA crosslinking (a). FTIR spectra of aerogels (b) and partially enlarged image (c). The theoretically calculated and experimentally measured CA contents of the materials (d).

Figure 3.

TG curves of BC aerogel material and CA-BC aerogel materials (a). DTG curves of BC aerogel material and CA-BC aerogel materials (b).
TG curves of BC aerogel material and CA-BC aerogel materials (a). DTG curves of BC aerogel material and CA-BC aerogel materials (b).

Figure 4.

Contact angle of water (a) and water absorption (b) for BC and CA-BC aerogels, and photos acquired after stable droplet deposition of BC (c), 10% CA-BC (d), 20% CA-BC (e) and 100% CA-BC (f).
Contact angle of water (a) and water absorption (b) for BC and CA-BC aerogels, and photos acquired after stable droplet deposition of BC (c), 10% CA-BC (d), 20% CA-BC (e) and 100% CA-BC (f).

Figure 5.

Nicotine dissolution curves (a), and nicotine dissolved amount (b), nicotine dissolution rates (c), and fitting rate coefficients (d) of BC and CA-BC aerogels.
Nicotine dissolution curves (a), and nicotine dissolved amount (b), nicotine dissolution rates (c), and fitting rate coefficients (d) of BC and CA-BC aerogels.

Figure 6.

SEM images of BC (a), 10% CA-BC (b), 20% CA-BC (c), and 100% CA-BC (d) aerogels; the pore size distributions of BC (e), 10% CA-BC (f), 20% CA-BC (g), and 100% CA-BC aerogels (h).
SEM images of BC (a), 10% CA-BC (b), 20% CA-BC (c), and 100% CA-BC (d) aerogels; the pore size distributions of BC (e), 10% CA-BC (f), 20% CA-BC (g), and 100% CA-BC aerogels (h).

Figure 7.

Dissolution curves of 10% CA-BC materials with 0.2%–2.0% nicotine contents (a), fitting curves of the Weibull model to the dissolution results (b), histogram of the dissolution rate coefficient k fitted by the Weibull model (c), and parameter statistics obtained by fitting the Gallagher-Corrigan model (d).
Dissolution curves of 10% CA-BC materials with 0.2%–2.0% nicotine contents (a), fitting curves of the Weibull model to the dissolution results (b), histogram of the dissolution rate coefficient k fitted by the Weibull model (c), and parameter statistics obtained by fitting the Gallagher-Corrigan model (d).

Figure 8.

Nicotine dissolution amount profiles (a) and nicotine dissolution rates (b) of 10% CA-BC aerogel, snus, and moist snuff.
Nicotine dissolution amount profiles (a) and nicotine dissolution rates (b) of 10% CA-BC aerogel, snus, and moist snuff.

Test for precision, repeatability, and stability of the method_

Target Primary content (μg) Additive quantity (μg) Detection value (μg) Average recovery (%) Intraday RSD (%) Interday RSD (%)
Nicotine 3152 1500 4349.6 93.5 1.4 2.1
3000 6459.6 105 1.5 1.9
6000 9518.0 104 0.6 0.9

FTIR peak wavenumbers, assignments, and interpretations_

Wavenumber (cm−1) Assignment Interpretation
3381–3417 –OH stretch vibration Hydrogen bond reduction after crosslinking
2923, 2848 C–H stretch vibration Aliphatic groups present in all materials
1704 C=O stretch vibration Ester bond formation after crosslinking
1645 C=O stretch vibration Carboxycarbonyl group
1058, 1110 C–O–C stretch and bend vibration Cellulose backbone structure
1031, 1163 C–OH stretch vibration Hydroxyl groups in cellulose

Dissolution results of BC and 10% CA-BC at different nicotine contents_

Material Dissolution parameters Nicotine content (%)
2.0 1.6 1 0.4 0.2
10% CA-BC Dissolution degree (%) 72.19 74.47 87.03 96.77 98.62
Rate coefficient k (min−1) 0.0345 0.0513 0.0536 0.0728 0.0905
Nicotine dissolution amount (μg) 2165.7 1787.3 1305.5 580.6 295.9
BC Dissolution degree (%) 97.59 99.93 98.45 98.21 98.60
Rate coefficient k (min−1) 0.1546 0.1540 0.1236 0.1230 0.1467
Nicotine dissolution amount (μg) 2927.7 2398.3 1476.8 589.3 295.8

Model fitting results for dissolution profiles of BC and CA-BC aerogels_

Parameters BC 1% CA-BC 2% CA-BC 5% CA-BC 10% CA-BC 20% CA-BC 50% CA-BC 100% CA-BC
FB/Fmax 0.9987 0.9721 0.9253 0.9077 0.8444 0.8059 0.9281 0.9812
k1 (min−1) 0.0849 0.0538 0.0352 0.0280 0.0201 0.0213 0.0304 0.0720
k2 (min−1) 1.6163 0.8050 0.8014 0.7539 0.5947 0.5922 0.5858 0.8796

Operating curve regression equation, LODs, and LOQs of nicotine_

Target Linear range (μg × L−1) Linear regression equation R2 LODs (ng × mL−1) LOQs (ng × mL−1)
Nicotine 9.1–182 y = 0.002826 x- 0.0017 0.9999 95 316
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