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Robustness of HPHC Reduction for THS 2.2 Aerosol Compared with 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke Under High Intensity Puffing Conditions

Catherine Goujon
Catherine Goujon
, 
Samuel Kleinhans
Samuel Kleinhans
, 
Serge Maeder
Serge Maeder
, 
Laurent Poget
Laurent Poget
 y 
Jean-Pierre Schaller
Jean-Pierre Schaller
   | 25 sept 2020
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Publicado en línea: 25 sept 2020
Páginas: 66 - 83
Recibido: 27 may 2020
Aceptado: 28 jul 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0008
Palabras clave
© 2020 Catherine Goujon et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Average reduction of HPHC concentrations (puff volume adjusted yields) in THS 2.2 aerosol as a percentage of concentration in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. Comparison between various combinations of regimes and two levels of filter ventilation occlusion for 3R4F (i.e., 50% and 100%). The respective puffing conditions identified by A, E, H, L and N are described in Table 1 and Table 2. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for the calculation of the average reductions varied between the different combinations of conditions.
Average reduction of HPHC concentrations (puff volume adjusted yields) in THS 2.2 aerosol as a percentage of concentration in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. Comparison between various combinations of regimes and two levels of filter ventilation occlusion for 3R4F (i.e., 50% and 100%). The respective puffing conditions identified by A, E, H, L and N are described in Table 1 and Table 2. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for the calculation of the average reductions varied between the different combinations of conditions.

Figure 2

Average reduction of nicotine adjusted HPHC yields in THS 2.2 aerosol as a percentage of concentration in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. Comparison between various combinations of regimes and two levels of filter ventilation occlusion for 3R4F (i.e., 50% and 100%). The respective puffing conditions identified by A, E, H, L and N are described in Table 1 and Table 2. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for the calculation of the average reductions varied between the different combinations of conditions.
Average reduction of nicotine adjusted HPHC yields in THS 2.2 aerosol as a percentage of concentration in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. Comparison between various combinations of regimes and two levels of filter ventilation occlusion for 3R4F (i.e., 50% and 100%). The respective puffing conditions identified by A, E, H, L and N are described in Table 1 and Table 2. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for the calculation of the average reductions varied between the different combinations of conditions.

Figure 3

HPHC reduction with 0.95 confidence interval (error bars) calculated for 3R4F filter ventilation occlusion of 50% (A) and 100% (B). The dashed lines indicate the lower limit of reduction defined for THS 2.2 under HCI and more intense regimes. Charts on the right hand side are individual means of aerosol/smoke concentrations determined for each product and condition. The respective puffing conditions identified by A, E, H, L and N are described in Table 1 and Table 2.
HPHC reduction with 0.95 confidence interval (error bars) calculated for 3R4F filter ventilation occlusion of 50% (A) and 100% (B). The dashed lines indicate the lower limit of reduction defined for THS 2.2 under HCI and more intense regimes. Charts on the right hand side are individual means of aerosol/smoke concentrations determined for each product and condition. The respective puffing conditions identified by A, E, H, L and N are described in Table 1 and Table 2.

HPHCs categorized by threshold limit of robust reduction under HCI and more intense regimes and excluding ISO regime (THS 2.2 vs. 3R4F 50% occlusion of filter ventilation).

Compounds n Limit
1-Aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, Cd, HCN, isoprene 10 ≥ 99
CO, ethylene oxide, m-cresol, NNK, NNN, NO, NOx, o-toluidine, p-cresol, vinyl chloride, quinoline, resorcinol, styrene, toluene 14 ≥ 95
Acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, hydroquinone, MEK, NAB, NAT, o-cresol, Pb, pyrene 11 ≥ 90
Crotonaldehyde, propionaldehyde 2 ≥ 85
Acetaldehyde, As, catechol, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, formaldehyde 5 ≥ 80
- 0 ≥ 75
Butyraldehyde, pyridine 2 ≥ 70
- 0 ≥ 65
Acetamide, propylene oxide 2 ≥ 60
Acrylamide, phenol 2 ≥ 55
Ammonia 1 ≥ 50
Hg 1 < 50

Mean (±stdev) of compound yields for each respective product and puffing intensity.For results < LOD, the values used in the calculation of mean and standard deviation were estimated by the LOD; for results <LOQ but >LOD, the values were estimated by the LOQ. An asterisk (*) indicates when more than two out of five replicate values were below LOQ and standard deviation is not reported.

Item 3R4F THS 2.2
Regime La N H L A N H E
Blocked ventilation 50% 100% 50% 100% 50% 100% NA
ISO parameters and product specific constituents
Glycerol (mg/item) 1.01 ± 0.05 1.12 ± 0.05 2.31 ± 0.08 2.37 ± 0.16 3.02 ± 0.09 3.32 ± 0.16 1.97 ± 0.14 5.86 ± 0.28 4.89 ± 0.35 6.02 ± 0.20 5.84 ± 0.40
Nicotine (mg/item) 0.76 ± 0.04 0.84 ± 0.02 1.67 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.06 2.14 ± 0.07 2.24 ± 0.07 0.39 ± 0.02 1.33 ± 0.04 1.08 ± 0.08 1.39 ± 0.07 1.65 ± 0.04
NFDPM (mg/item)b 11.4 ± 0.6 13.4 ± 0.8 26.4 ± 1.2 30.6 ± 1.6 41.4 ± 3.0 52.1 ± 1.8 11.2 ± 0.4 31.0 ± 1.9 27.7 ± 1.0 27.4 ± 2.0 27.4 ± 2.4
Carbon monoxide (mg/item) 14.1 ± 0.5 17.1 ± 1.4 28.4 ± 0.9 30.3 ± 1.1 34.6 ± 1.3 40.2 ± 0.3 0.28 ± 0.05 0.58 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.04 0.50 ± 0.11 0.40 ± 0.08
Ammonia (μg/item) 9.58 ± 0.81 13.30 ± 0.91 24.33 ± 0.91 28.21 ± 2.19 42.39 ± 3.57 49.55 ± 5.52 1.76 ± 0.19 13.99 ± 0.76 10.37 ± 0.78 16.90 ± 0.98 21.97 ± 1.60
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde (μg/item) 26.4 ± 4.0 32.8 ± 2.2 84.2 ± 12.5 83.7 ± 9.2 116.6 ± 5.0 106.3 ± 11.0 4.68 ± 0.26 9.77 ± 0.73 8.79 ± 0.85 11.67 ± 2.52 17.09 ± 2.15
Acetaldehyde (μg/item) 694 ± 46 884 ± 44 1646 ± 96 1665 ± 73 2273 ± 47 2057 ± 229 138 ± 3 202± 6 201 ± 13 195 ± 17 183 ± 14
Acetone (μg/item) 286 ± 16 363 ± 20 655 ± 35 666 ± 31 906 ± 18 811 ± 87 18.0 ± 0.6 32.8 ± 1.4 31.4 ± 2.8 33.7 ± 4.0 33.6 ± 3.1
Acrolein (μg/item) 59.7 ± 5.1 73.8 ± 3.8 153.2 ± 11.7 156.7 ± 7.6 204.9 ± 5.3 190.4 ± 22.4 3.86 ± 0.25 9.01 ± 0.66 8.39 ± 0.88 9.93 ± 1.67 10.87 ± 1.38
Propionaldehyde (μg/item) 49.0 ± 2.9 62.1 ± 3.0 116.6 ± 7.2 118.8 ± 4.2 163.6 ± 3.6 147.3 ± 16.1 7.61 ± 0.29 12.43 ± 0.43 11.86 ± 0.91 12.37 ± 1.36 11.57 ± 1.03
Crotonaldehyde (μg/item) 13.7 ± 1.3 19.2 ± 1.9 48.0 ± 4.2 48.0 ± 2.5 74.5 ± 2.0 65.4 ± 7.8 0.99 * 3.29 * 3.29 * 3.32 * 3.33 *
Methyl ethyl ketone (μg/item) 72.7 ± 3.8 93.9 ± 5.9 178.1 ± 9.4 180.6 ± 8.3 255.0 ± 5.2 225.4 ± 22.9 4.89 ± 0.13 8.58 ± 0.56 7.78 ± 0.78 9.87 ± 0.97 9.70 ± 0.44
Butyraldehyde (μg/item) 34.3 ± 2.0 42.8 ± 2.0 79.0 ± 4.6 80.7 ± 2.4 112.7 ± 1.7 100.8 ± 11.3 13.1 ± 0.3 19.4 ± 1.2 18.3 ± 1.0 20.5 ± 1.2 18.9 ± 0.8
Hydrogen cyanide (μg/item) 128 ± 8 187 ± 7 323 ± 11 398 ± 20 419 ± 39 501 ± 33 1.75 * 2.52 ± 0.21 2.40 ± 0.26 3.16 ± 0.22 4.28 ± 0.64
Mercury (ng/item) 3.17 ± 0.22 3.25 ± 0.40 2.61 ± 0.09 4.44 ± 0.40 5.78 ± 0.35 6.03 ± 0.36 1.35 ± 0.13 1.88 ± 0.17 1.95 ± 0.15 1.80 ± 0.17 1.97 ± 0.13
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium (ng/item) 36.9 ± 2.4 44.7 ± 5.0 97.1 ± 4.4 100.2 ± 5.8 102.2 ± 4.3 115.5 ± 2.3 0.090 * 0.090 * 0.128 * 0.090 * 0.090 *
Lead (ng/item) 25.7 * 25.7 * 25.8 * 26.0 * 28.4 ± 1.2 32.4 ± 1.2 0.94 * 0.72 * 0.49 * 0.94 * 0.94 *
Chromium (ng/item) 11.9 * 11.9 * 11.9 * 11.9 * 11.9 * 11.9 * 4.85 * 9.46 * 9.46 * 9.46 * 11.97 *
Nickel (ng/item) 12.9 * 12.9 * 18.9 * 12.9 * 12.9 * 12.9 * 15.9 * 15.9 * 15.9 * 15.9 * 15.9 *
Arsenic (ng/item) 7.49 * 7.49 * 7.55 * 8.35 ± 0.53 11.18 ± 0.29 11.82 ± 0.28 0.54 * 1.20* 0.86 * 1.20 * 1.46 ± 0.24
Selenium (ng/item) 4.42 * 4.42 * 4.42 * 4.42 * 4.42 * 4.42 * 0.48 * 0.71 * 0.48 * 0.71 * 0.60 *
Nitrogen oxides
NO (μg/item) 240 ± 15 290 ± 13 470 ± 13 518 ± 23 664 ± 26 827 ± 114 7.63 ± 0.40 12.85 ± 1.80 10.55 ± 0.78 12.98 ± 1.30 12.20 ± 0.92
NOx(μg/item) 257 ± 16 308 ± 13 506 ± 10 558 ± 22 720 ± 28 901 ± 121 8.19 ± 0.41 13.97 ± 1.90 11.40 ± 0.82 14.17 ± 1.31 14.94 ± 1.01
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine (μg/item) 11.4 ± 0.8 13.1 ± 1.8 29.1 ± 4.0 35.1 ± 5.8 47.7 ± 4.4 51.4 ± 2.4 1.99 ± 0.30 6.60 ± 0.53 6.11 ± 0.50 6.72 ± 0.80 4.77 ± 0.15
Quinoline (μg/item) 0.27 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02 0.54 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.02 0.63 ± 0.05 0.64 ± 0.05 0.0030 * 0.0124 ± 0.0009 0.0110 * 0.0188 ± 0.0027 0.0252 ± 0.0014
Styrene (μg/item) 5.79 ± 0.84 6.99 ± 1.22 17.61 ± 4.52 18.36 ± 2.90 24.45 ± 3.22 24.16± 0.53 0.11 ± 0.00 0.52 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.04 0.57 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.03
Nitrobenzene (μg/item) 0.038 * 0.038 * 0.038 * 0.038 * 0.038 * 0.038 * 0.011 * 0.011 * 0.011 * 0.011 * 0.011 *
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone (μg/item) 39.1 ± 4.0 41.2 ± 5.0 89.0 ± 2.1 97.5 ± 5.0 124.3 ± 6.6 138.2 ± 12.2 2.66 ± 0.20 8.67 ± 0.41 7.34 ± 0.64 8.11 ± 0.68 7.86 ± 0.64
Resorcinol (μg/item) 1.32 * 1.32 * 2.68 ± 0.17 2.20 ± 0.20 3.20 ± 0.37 3.84 ± 0.31 0.016 * 0.055 * 0.055 * 0.055 * 0.055 *
Catechol (μg/item) 42.1 ± 2.8 43.4 ± 5.2 94.1 ± 2.3 98.8 ± 7.0 120.5± 8.1 124.7 ± 9.4 5.10 ± 0.29 15.70 ± 0.75 14.57 ± 1.02 14.64 ± 1.23 12.42 ± 0.81
Phenol (μg/item) 8.13 ± 0.79 7.28 ± 1.06 17.96 ± 1.23 14.87 ± 1.66 16.96 ± 2.06 12.67 ± 0.82 0.099 * 2.111 ± 0.230 1.287 ± 0.199 4.219 ±0.374 8.960 ± 0.635
p-Cresol (μg/item) 5.11 ± 0.35 4.72 ± 0.58 10.59 ± 0.61 9.06 ± 1.01 11.04 ± 1.20 8.69 ± 0.57 0.010 * 0.083 ± 0.009 0.049 ± 0.006 0.161 ± 0.019 0.378 ± 0.024
m-Cresol (μg/item) 2.11 ± 0.21 1.99 ± 0.26 4.30 ± 0.26 3.75 ± 0.42 4.27 ± 0.48 3.44 ± 0.29 0.0060 * 0.0427 ± 0.0059 0.0231 ± 0.0026 0.0819 ± 0.0104 0.1966 ± 0.0116
o-Cresol (μg/item) 2.49 ± 0.27 2.26 ± 0.29 5.24 ± 0.33 4.39 ± 0.50 5.27 ± 0.65 4.26 ± 0.28 0.0080 * 0.0886 ± 0.0128 0.0552 ± 0.0074 0.1784 ± 0.0165 0.3606 ± 0.0213
Acetamide (μg/item) 4.53 ± 0.32 4.91 ± 0.28 12.81 ± 0.34 12.89 ± 0.36 15.62 ± 1.01 16.66 ± 2.04 0.96 ± 0.10 3.98 ± 0.24 3.33 ± 0.15 4.04± 0.34 5.23 ± 0.13
Acrylamide (μg/item) 1.68 ± 0.11 1.85 ± 0.14 4.68 ± 0.42 4.51 ± 0.32 4.86 ± 0.44 4.87 ± 0.51 0.46 ± 0.08 1.87 ± 0.08 1.42 ± 0.06 2.07 ± 0.09 2.58 ± 0.08
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene (ng/item) 41.2 ± 2.0 47.4 ± 1.9 84.4 ± 5.5 91.0 ± 2.8 104.2 ±3.6 100.8 ± 3.4 3.25 ± 0.51 7.48 ± 0.44 6.11 ± 0.33 7.07 ± 0.78 5.49± 0.66
Benzo[a]anthracene (ng/item) 12.2 ± 0.4 14.3 ± 0.4 27.2 ± 2.1 29.6 ± 1.5 36.2 ± 1.2 35.9 ± 1.3 0.71 ± 0.10 1.93 ± 0.22 1.67 ± 0.09 2.07 ± 0.17 1.56 ± 0.15
Benzo[a]pyrene (ng/item) 6.10 ± 0.30 7.25 ± 0.15 13.21 ± 1.04 14.38 ± 0.61 15.63 ± 0.80 15.00 ± 0.74 0.35 * 0.70 ± 0.06 0.60 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.07 0.66 ± 0.08
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (ng/item) 0.69 * 0.69 * 1.19 ± 0.15 1.18 ± 0.05 1.45 ± 0.06 1.60 ± 0.16 0.12 * 0.18 * 0.12 * 0.18 * 0.18 *
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene (μg/item) 33.3 ± 3.1 41.5 ± 1.2 69.6 ± 6.5 96.7 ± 8.5 90.3 ± 2.8 104.6 ± 2.4 0.13 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.07 0.16 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
Isoprene (μg/item) 381 ± 49 496 ± 19 835 ± 87 871 ± 77 1102 ± 32 1226± 56 1.27 ± 0.14 1.39 ± 0.16 1.96 ± 0.49 1.28 ± 0.12 1.35 ± 0.25
Acrylonitrile (μg/item) 7.87 ± 1.24 11.14 ± 0.17 22.72 ± 2.55 24.69± 2.25 31.68 ± 1.62 35.55 ± 2.58 0.11 * 0.11 ± 0.00 0.14 ± 0.02 0.12± 0.00 0.13 ± 0.02
Benzene (μg/item) 38.6 ± 5.3 48.9 ± 0.8 88.8 ± 6.9 90.4 ± 6.6 109.8 ± 5.4 113.3 ± 7.0 0.30 ± 0.01 0.53 ± 0.05 0.69 ± 0.11 0.56 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.09
Toluene (μg/item) 55.7 ± 12.9 68.6 ± 2.9 149.5 ± 10.9 158.8 ± 17.6 200.0 ± 15.9 200.8 ± 14.3 0.79 ± 0.07 1.60 ± 0.13 2.16 ± 0.46 1.74 ± 0.05 1.65 ± 0.36
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride (ng/item) 50.7 ± 4.1 54.8 ± 9.5 89.7 ± 11.4 107.6 ± 16.2 121.6 ± 8.5 136.2 ± 7.9 0.66 * 0.66 * 0.66 * 2.19 * 2.19 *
Ethylene oxide (μg/item) 9.43 ± 0.87 11.32 ± 0.95 18.18 ± 1.48 18.65 ± 0.84 24.09 ± 1.05 26.89 ± 1.23 0.16 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01
Propylene oxide (ng/item) 502 ± 56 527 ± 74 480 ± 39 1143 ± 239 1115± 121 1273 ± 153 89.9 ± 9.8 110.4 ± 12.1 137.3 ± 20.6 115.4 ± 12.5 99.3 ± 10.5
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene (ng/item) 13.7 ± 1.2 13.5 ± 0.6 22.4 ± 2.2 22.3 ± 2.6 25.1 ± 1.6 23.5 ± 2.1 0.019 * 0.034 ± 0.003 0.039 ± 0.010 0.032± 0.005 0.031 ± 0.005
2-Aminonaphthalene (ng/item) 13.9 ± 2.4 10.9 ± 0.9 20.2 ± 2.3 17.4 ± 2.1 17.5 ± 1.7 18.7 ± 1.5 0.0120 * 0.0142 * 0.0145 ± 0.0024 0.0122 * 0.0072 *
3-Aminobiphenyl (ng/item) 2.82 ± 0.14 3.11 ± 0.28 4.67 ± 0.67 4.85 ± 0.51 5.55 ± 0.40 6.17 ± 0.24 0.0035 * 0.0056 ± 0.0017 0.0086 ± 0.0015 0.0051 * 0.0052 ± 0.0016
4-Aminobiphenyl (ng/item) 1.77 ± 0.09 2.09 ± 0.11 3.10 ± 0.47 3.10 ± 0.50 3.62 ± 0.35 3.70 ± 0.16 0.0056 * 0.0097 ± 0.0037 0.0128 ± 0.0036 0.0069 ± 0.0018 0.0084 ± 0.0018
o-Toluidine (ng/item) 59.6 ± 2.9 63.1 ± 2.8 118.7 ± 1.8 115.5 ± 3.5 127.2 ± 8.0 129.5 ± 2.4 0.35 ± 0.04 1.10 ± 0.10 1.12 ± 0.07 1.45 ± 0.09 2.15 ± 0.22
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN (ng/item) 123 ± 7 137 ± 7 252 ± 14 286 ± 17 357 ± 28 396 ± 22 2.50± 0.27 6.16 ± 0.87 5.61 ± 0.55 6.34 ± 0.23 6.58 ± 0.39
NAT (ng/item) 132 ± 3 133 ± 6 251 ± 29 279 ± 37 333 ± 14 398 ± 41 5.14± 0.61 14.42 ± 1.51 12.48 ± 1.35 14.04 ± 0.93 13.86 ± 0.79
NAB (ng/item) 12.1 ± 0.7 14.3 ± 1.2 27.9 ± 3.6 27.5 ± 3.0 29.9 ± 4.5 27.1 ± 1.5 0.97 ± 0.26 1.90 ± 0.22 1.49 ± 0.28 1.83 ± 0.22 1.82 ± 0.04
NNK (ng/item) 111 ± 5 115 ± 8 231 ± 10 245 ± 26 274 ± 14 324 ± 38 2.36± 0.33 6.17 ± 1.12 5.49 ± 0.58 6.28 ± 0.44 7.22 ± 0.71

Machine-smoking parameters used for generation of 3R4F mainstream smoke

Parameter (Unit) Regime
L(50) L(100) N(50) N(100) H(50) H(100)
Puff volume (mL) 35 35 55 55 80 80
Puff interval (s) 60 60 30 30 25 25
Puff duration (s) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.4
Occlusion (%) 50 100 50 100 50 100

HPHCs categorized by threshold limit of robust reduction over all regimes (THS 2.2 vs. 3R4F 100% occlusion of filter ventilation).

Compounds n Limit
1,3-Butadiene, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzene, Cd, isoprene, o-toluidine 9 ≥ 99
Acrylonitrile, CO, ethylene oxide, HCN, m-cresol, NNK, NNN, NO, NOx, p-cresol, quinoline, resorcinol, styrene, toluene, vinyl chloride 15 ≥ 95
Acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, crotonaldehyde, hydroquinone, MEK, NAT, o-cresol 9 ≥ 90
NAB, Pb, pyrene 3 ≥ 85
As, catechol 2 ≥ 80
Formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, pyridine, 3 ≥ 75
Acetaldehyde, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, propylene oxide 3 ≥ 70
Acetamide 2 ≥ 65
Acrylamide 1 ≥ 60
Ammonia, phenol 2 ≥ 55
- 0 ≥ 50
Butyraldehyde, Hg 2 < 50

Mean (± stdev) of puff volume-adjusted compound yields for each respective product and puffing intensity.For results < LOD, the values used in the calculation of mean and standard deviation were estimated by the LOD; for results < LOQ but > LOD, the values were estimated by the LOQ. An asterisk (*) indicates when more than two out of five replicate values were below LOQ and standard deviation is not reported. (For explanations and abbreviations please refer to Table 6.)

Item 3R4F THS 2.2
Regime L N H L A N H E
Blocked ventilation 50% 100% 50% 100% 50% 100% NA
ISO parameters and product specific constituents
Glycerol (μg/mL) 3.32 ± 0.13 3.96 ± 0.17 3.49 ± 0.09 4.03 ± 0.19 3.55 ± 0.16 4.36 ± 0.19 9.36 ± 0.66 6.97 ± 0.34 7.41 ± 0.53 5.38 ± 0.18 3.79 ± 0.26
Nicotine (μg/mL) 2.48 ± 0.10 2.98 ± 0.07 2.51 ± 0.04 2.93 ± 0.06 2.52 ± 0.13 2.94 ± 0.04 1.85 ± 0.10 1.58 ± 0.05 1.64 ± 0.12 1.25 ± 0.06 1.07 ± 0.03
NFDPM (μg/mL) 37.3 ± 1.5 47.3 ± 2.5 39.8 ± 1.8 52.1 ± 2.0 48.8 ± 4.8 68.5 ± 2.6 53.3 ± 2.0 36.9 ± 2.2 42.0 ± 1.5 24.4 ± 1.7 17.8 ± 1.6
Carbon monoxide (μg/mL) 46.1 ± 2.0 60.6 ± 4.5 42.8 ± 1.2 51.6 ± 1.2 40.8 ± 2.8 52.9 ± 1.3 1.32 ± 0.24 0.69 ± 0.05 0.77 ± 0.06 0.44 ± 0.10 0.26 ± 0.05
Ammonia (ng/mL) 37.1 ± 3.3 51.4 ± 4.1 38.8 ± 1.2 45.1 ± 3.7 51.2 ± 3.5 68.1 ± 3.4 8.36 ± 0.89 16.66 ± 0.90 15.71 ± 1.17 15.09 ± 0.88 14.26 ± 1.04
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde (ng/mL) 84.8 ± 12.8 107.8 ± 8.4 137.0 ± 23.0 140.8 ± 14.8 145.8 ± 6.2 128.7 ± 19.4 22.3 ± 1.2 11.6 ± 0.9 13.3 ± 1.3 10.4 ± 2.2 11.1 ± 1.4
Acetaldehyde (ng/mL) 2230 ± 150 2900 ± 170 2680 ± 210 2800 ± 110 2840 ± 60 2490 ± 400 655 ± 14 241 ± 8 304 ± 19 175 ± 15 119 ± 9
Acetone (ng/mL) 918 ± 54 1194 ± 74 1065 ± 75 1120 ± 48 1132 ± 22 982 ± 154 85.9 ± 2.7 39.0 ± 1.7 47.6 ± 4.3 30.1 ± 3.6 21.8 ± 2.0
Acrolein (ng/mL) 192 ± 17 243 ± 15 249 ± 24 264 ± 11 256 ± 7 231 ± 39 18.40 ± 1.19 10.72 ± 0.78 12.72 ± 1.33 8.86 ± 1.49 7.06 ± 0.90
Propionaldehyde (ng/mL) 157 ± 10 204 ± 13 190 ± 15 200 ± 6 204 ± 4 178 ± 28 36.24 ± 1.40 14.80± 0.51 17.96 ± 1.38 11.05 ± 1.22 7.51 ± 0.67
Crotonaldehyde (ng/mL) 44.0 ± 4.9 63.2 ± 7.5 78.1 ± 8.1 80.7 ± 3.8 93.1 ± 2.5 79.3 ± 13.4 4.70* 3.92* 4.98* 2.96* 2.16*
Methyl ethyl ketone (ng/mL) 234 ± 15 309 ± 26 289 ± 20 304 ± 13 319 ± 6 273 ± 42 23.30 ± 0.60 10.21 ± 0.67 11.79 ± 1.18 8.81 ± 0.87 6.30 ± 0.28
Butyraldehyde (ng/mL) 110 ± 7 141 ± 9 128 ± 10 136 ± 4 141 ± 2 122 ± 20 62.4 ± 1.5 23.1 ± 1.4 27.7 ± 1.5 18.3 ± 1.1 12.3 ± 0.5
Hydrogen cyanide (ng/mL) 457 ± 29 679 ± 23 516 ± 39 688 ± 26 526 ± 37 671 ± 57 8.33* 3.00 ± 0.26 3.64 ± 0.40 2.82 ± 0.20 2.78 ± 0.42
Mercury (pg/mL) 11.04 ± 0.78 11.38 ± 1.42 4.41 ± 0.16 7.27 ± 0.85 6.37 ± 0.45 7.47 ±0.80 6.43 ± 0.60 2.24 ± 0.20 2.96 ± 0.22 1.60 ± 0.15 1.28 ± 0.08
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium (pg/mL) 128 ± 9 161 ± 18 155 ± 5 172 ± 11 118 ± 4 144 ± 3 0.429* 0.107* 0.194* 0.080* 0.058*
Lead (pg/mL) 89.2* 92.6* 41.3* 44.4* 32.9 ± 1.7 40.4 ± 2.1 4.49* 0.85* 0.74* 0.84* 0.61*
Chromium (pg/mL) 41.3* 42.9* 19.0* 20.4* 13.8* 14.8* 23.09* 11.26* 14.34* 8.45* 7.77*
Nickel (pg/mL) 44.8* 46.5* 30.4* 22.1* 14.9* 16.1* 75.7* 18.9* 24.1* 14.2* 10.3*
Arsenic (pg/mL) 26.0* 27.0* 12.1* 14.3 ± 1.0 12.9 ± 0.3 14.7 ± 0.4 2.59* 1.43* 1.31* 1.07* 0.95 ± 0.16
Selenium (pg/mL) 15.34* 15.92* 7.07* 7.57* 5.12* 5.51* 2.30* 0.85* 0.73* 0.64* 0.39*
Nitrogen oxides
NO (ng/mL) 836 ± 36 1023 ± 63 738 ± 30 905 ± 50 728 ± 17 1072 ± 192 36.35 ± 1.89 15.29 ± 2.14 15.99 ± 1.17 11.59 ± 1.16 7.92 ± 0.60
NOx(ng/mL) 896 ± 37 1089 ± 67 794 ± 33 974 ± 51 790 ± 18 1167 ± 205 39.00 ± 1.93 16.63 ± 2.26 17.27 ± 1.25 12.65 ± 1.17 9.70 ± 0.66
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine (ng/mL) 39.2 ± 3.9 47.4 ± 5.9 46.1 ± 7.0 60.6 ± 8.8 56.4 ± 5.3 70.6 ± 4.2 9.47 ± 1.43 7.85 ± 0.63 9.25 ± 0.75 6.00 ± 0.72 3.10 ± 0.10
Quinoline (ng/mL) 0.93 ± 0.05 1.06 ± 0.10 0.85 ± 0.08 0.89 ± 0.01 0.74 ± 0.07 0.88 ± 0.08 0.014* 0.015 ± 0.001 0.017* 0.017 ± 0.002 0.016 ± 0.001
Styrene (ng/mL) 19.8 ± 3.1 25.2 ± 3.6 28.0 ± 7.7 31.7 ± 4.5 28.9 ± 3.8 33.2 ± 2.1 0.54 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.03 0.57 ± 0.05 0.51 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02
Nitrobenzene (ng/mL) 0.130* 0.138* 0.060* 0.066* 0.045* 0.052* 0.0524* 0.0131* 0.0167* 0.0098* 0.0071*
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone (ng/mL) 134 ± 8 148 ± 19 138 ± 7 164 ± 8 143 ± 9 174 ± 16 12.66 ± 0.96 10.32 ±0.49 11.11 ± 0.97 7.24 ± 0.61 5.11 ± 0.41
Resorcinol (ng/mL) 4.54* 4.75* 4.15 ± 0.34 3.71 ± 0.42 3.69 ± 0.48 4.83 ± 0.40 0.076* 0.065* 0.083* 0.049* 0.036*
Catechol (ng/mL) 145 ± 6 156 ± 20 146 ± 6 166 ± 11 139 ± 9 157 ± 13 24.29 ± 1.38 18.69 ± 0.89 22.07 ± 1.55 13.07 ± 1.10 8.06 ± 0.52
Phenol (ng/mL) 27.9 ± 2.7 26.2 ± 4.0 27.8 ± 1.8 25.0 ± 2.7 19.5 ± 1.8 15.9 ± 1.2 0.47* 2.51 ± 0.27 1.95 ± 0.30 3.77 ± 0.33 5.82 ± 0.41
p-Cresol (ng/mL) 17.6 ± 1.1 17.0 ± 2.3 16.4 ± 0.8 15.3 ± 1.6 12.7 ± 1.1 10.9 ± 0.8 0.048* 0.098 ± 0.010 0.074 ± 0.009 0.144 ± 0.017 0.246 ± 0.016
m-Cresol (ng/mL) 7.24 ± 0.68 7.15 ± 0.99 6.67 ± 0.40 6.32 ± 0.63 4.92 ± 0.43 4.32 ± 0.39 0.029* 0.051 ± 0.007 0.035 ± 0.004 0.073 ± 0.009 0.128 ± 0.008
o-Cresol (ng/mL) 8.53 ± 0.82 8.13 ± 1.13 8.12 ± 0.48 7.39 ± 0.76 6.06 ± 0.61 5.36 ± 0.39 0.038* 0.106 ± 0.015 0.084 ± 0.011 0.159 ± 0.015 0.234 ± 0.014
Acetamide (ng/mL) 15.5 ± 0.8 17.8 ± 1.5 20.3 ± 0.8 22.3 ± 0.6 18.5 ± 1.5 22.8 ± 2.3 4.56 ± 0.48 4.74 ± 0.29 5.04 ± 0.23 3.61 ± 0.30 3.40 ± 0.09
Acrylamide (ng/mL) 5.75 ± 0.45 6.70 ± 0.59 7.41 ± 0.57 7.80 ± 0.47 5.74 ± 0.53 6.68 ± 0.72 2.17 ± 0.37 2.22 ± 0.09 2.15 ± 0.09 1.85 ± 0.08 1.67 ± 0.05
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene (pg/mL) 143 ± 8 167 ± 8 139 ± 8 161 ± 8 120 ± 6 135 ± 3 15.49 ± 2.41 8.90 ± 0.52 9.25 ± 0.49 6.32 ± 0.69 3.57 ± 0.43
Benzo[a]anthracene (pg/mL) 42.2 ± 1.5 50.1 ± 1.3 44.9 ± 2.7 52.5 ± 3.0 41.6 ± 1.5 48.2 ± 1.8 3.37 ± 0.46 2.30 ± 0.26 2.53 ± 0.14 1.84 ± 0.15 1.01 ± 0.10
Benzo[a]pyrene (pg/mL) 21.2 ± 1.3 25.5 ± 0.9 21.7 ± 1.4 25.5 ± 1.4 18.0 ± 0.9 20.1 ± 1.1 1.69* 0.84 ± 0.08 0.90 ± 0.10 0.71 ± 0.06 0.43 ± 0.05
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (pg/mL) 2.39* 2.42* 1.97 ± 0.28 2.09 ± 0.10 1.66 ± 0.07 2.15 ± 0.20 0.59* 0.22* 0.19* 0.16* 0.12*
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene (ng/mL) 115 ± 11 143 ± 7 115 ± 10 170 ± 19 116 ± 4 150 ± 8 0.60 ± 0.09 0.18 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.10 0.14 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
Isoprene (ng/mL) 1310 ± 180 1710 ± 100 1380 ± 140 1530 ± 170 1410 ± 60 1760 ± 80 6.04 ± 0.66 1.65 ± 0.19 2.96 ± 0.74 1.14 ± 0.10 0.88 ± 0.16
Acrylonitrile (ng/mL) 27.1 ± 4.4 38.4 ± 1.0 37.5 ± 4.0 43.5 ± 4.7 40.6 ± 2.0 50.9 ± 3.8 0.510* 0.130 ± 0.004 0.213 ± 0.029 0.103 ± 0.004 0.084 ± 0.014
Benzene (ng/mL) 133 ± 19 168 ± 6 147 ± 11 159 ± 15 141 ± 8 162 ± 9 1.44 ± 0.07 0.64 ± 0.05 1.05 ± 0.17 0.50 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.06
Toluene (ng/mL) 192 ± 45 236 ± 13 247 ± 17 279 ± 35 256 ± 22 287 ± 17 3.78 ± 0.32 1.91± 0.16 3.28 ± 0.70 1.56 ± 0.05 1.07 ± 0.23
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride (pg/mL) 175 ± 15 190 ± 37 148 ± 18 189 ± 29 156 ± 14 195 ± 13 3.13* 0.78* 1.00* 1.96* 1.42*
Ethylene oxide (ng/mL) 32.5 ± 3.1 38.9 ± 2.4 30.0 ± 2.3 32.8 ± 2.3 30.9 ± 1.7 38.6 ± 3.5 0.75 ± 0.05 0.23 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.00 0.15 ± 0.01
Propylene oxide (pg/mL) 1725 ± 188 1815 ± 249 793 ± 63 2008 ± 409 1428 ± 145 1817 ± 132 428.2± 46.7 131.4 ± 14.5 208.1 ± 31.2 103.0 ± 11.2 64.5 ± 6.8
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene (pg/mL) 47.2 ± 3.9 46.6 ± 2.3 37.0 ± 3.5 38.2 ± 4.7 32.1 ± 2.5 33.6 ± 2.3 0.092* 0.040 ± 0.003 0.059 ± 0.015 0.028 ± 0.005 0.020 ± 0.003
2-Aminonaphthalene (pg/mL) 47.9 ± 7.9 37.5 ± 2.3 33.3 ± 3.7 29.9 ± 3.9 22.4 ± 2.3 26.7 ± 1.3 0.0571* 0.0169* 0.0220 ± 0.0036 0.0109* 0.0047*
3-Aminobiphenyl (pg/mL) 9.71 ± 0.50 10.70 ± 0.70 7.72 ± 1.09 8.33 ± 0.89 7.11 ± 0.56 8.84 ± 0.48 0.0169* 0.0066 ± 0.0021 0.0130 ± 0.0023 0.0046* 0.0034 ± 0.0010
4-Aminobiphenyl (pg/mL) 6.09 ± 0.32 7.19 ± 0.38 5.12 ± 0.76 5.31 ± 0.78 4.64 ± 0.49 5.31 ± 0.31 0.0267* 0.0115 ± 0.0045 0.0194 ± 0.0054 0.0062 ± 0.0016 0.0054 ±0.0012
o-Toluidine (pg/mL) 205 ± 10 217 ± 7 196 ± 2 198 ± 7 163 ± 11 185 ± 9 1.66 ± 0.17 1.30 ± 0.12 1.70 ± 0.10 1.29 ± 0.08 1.39 ± 0.14
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN (pg/mL) 423 ± 29 474 ± 33 418 ± 22 486 ± 33 438 ± 31 542 ± 17 11.91 ± 1.30 7.34 ± 1.04 8.50 ± 0.84 5.66 ± 0.20 4.27 ± 0.25
NAT (pg/mL) 451 ± 18 458 ± 31 416 ± 49 474 ± 64 409 ± 21 547 ± 78 24.50 ± 2.92 17.16 ± 1.80 18.92 ± 2.04 12.54 ± 0.83 9.00 ± 0.52
NAB (pg/mL) 41.6 ± 2.6 49.3 ± 4.3 46.2 ± 5.8 46.8 ± 5.4 36.7 ± 5.3 37.1 ± 2.2 4.63 ± 1.22 2.26 ± 0.26 2.26 ± 0.43 1.64 ± 0.19 1.18 ± 0.02
NNK (pg/mL) 379 ± 23 398 ± 32 384 ± 14 416 ± 45 336 ± 19 444 ± 56 11.23 ± 1.55 7.34 ± 1.33 8.32 ± 0.88 5.61 ± 0.39 4.69 ± 0.46

Machine-smoking parameters used for the generation of THS 2.2 aerosol

Parameter (Unit) Regime
Low L(ISO) Normal N(HCI) Augmented A High H Extreme E
Puff volume (mL) 35 55 60 80 110
Puff interval (s) 60 30 25 25 22
Puff duration (s) 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.4 4.5
Puff number (n) 6 12 14 14 14

Mean (± stdev) of nicotine-adjusted compound yields for each respective product and puffing intensity.For results < LOD, the values used in the calculation of mean and standard deviation were estimated by the LOD; for results < LOQ but > LOD, the values were estimated by the LOQ. An asterisk (*) indicates when more than two out of five replicate values were below LOQ and standard deviation is not reported. (For explanations and abbreviations please refer to Table 6.)

Item 3R4F THS 2.2
Regime La N H L A N H E
Blocked ventilation 50% 100% 50% 100% 50% 100% NA
ISO parameters and product specific constituents
Glycerol (mg/item/mg nicotine) 1.34 ± 0.07 1.33 ± 0.06 1.39 ± 0.05 1.37 ± 0.09 1.41 ± 0.04 1.48 ± 0.07 5.05 ± 0.36 4.42 ± 0.21 4.52 ± 0.32 4.32 ± 0.15 3.55 ± 0.25
Nicotine (mg/item/mg nicotine) 1.00 ± 0.05 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.04 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.06 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.07 1.00 ± 0.05 1.00 ± 0.03
NFDPM (mg/item/mg nicotine)b 15.1 ± 0.8 15.9 ± 0.9 15.8 ± 0.7 17.8 ± 0.9 19.4 ± 1.4 23.3 ± 0.8 28.7 ± 1.1 23.4 ± 1.4 25.6 ± 0.9 19.6 ± 1.4 16.6 ± 1.5
Carbon monoxide (mg/item/mg nicotine) 18.6 ± 0.6 20.3 ± 1.6 17.0 ± 0.6 17.6 ± 0.6 16.2 ± 0.6 18.0 ± 0.1 0.71 ± 0.13 0.44 ± 0.03 0.47 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.08 0.24 ± 0.05
Ammonia (μg/item/mg nicotine) 12.7 ± 1.1 15.8 ± 1.1 14.6 ± 0.5 16.4 ± 1.3 19.8 ± 1.7 22.2 ± 2.5 4.51 ± 0.48 10.55 ± 0.57 9.57 ± 0.72 12.12 ± 0.71 13.33 ± 0.97
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde (μg/item/mg nicotine) 34.9 ± 5.3 38.9 ± 2.6 50.5 ± 7.5 48.6 ± 5.4 54.6 ± 2.3 47.5 ± 4.9 12.03 ± 0.67 7.37 ± 0.55 8.12 ± 0.78 8.37 ± 1.81 10.37 ± 1.30
Acetaldehyde (μg/item/mg nicotine) 917 ± 61 1050 ± 52 988 ± 58 967 ± 43 1064 ± 22 920 ± 102 354 ± 8 153 ±5 185 ± 12 140 ± 12 111 ± 9
Acetone (μg/item/mg nicotine) 378 ± 21 431 ± 23 393 ± 21 387 ± 18 424 ± 8 362 ± 39 46.4 ± 1.5 24.7 ±1.1 29.0 ± 2.6 24.2 ± 2.9 20.4 ± 1.9
Acrolein (μg/item/mg nicotine) 78.9 ± 6.7 87.6 ± 4.5 92.0 ± 7.0 91.0 ± 4.4 95.9 ± 2.5 85.1 ± 10.0 9.93 ± 0.64 6.79 ± 0.49 7.75 ± 0.81 7.12 ± 1.20 6.60 ± 0.84
Propionaldehyde (μg/item/mg nicotine) 64.8 ± 3.9 73.8 ± 3.5 70.0 ± 4.3 69.0 ± 2.4 76.6 ± 1.7 65.9 ± 7.2 19.56 ± 0.76 9.38 ± 0.32 10.94 ± 0.84 8.87 ± 0.98 7.02 ± 0.63
Crotonaldehyde (μg/item/mg nicotine) 18.1 ± 1.7 22.8 ± 2.2 28.8 ± 2.5 27.9 ± 1.5 34.9 ± 0.9 29.3 ± 3.5 2.54* 2.48* 3.04* 2.38* 2.02*
Methyl ethyl ketone (μg/item/mg nicotine) 96.1 ± 5.0 111.5 ± 7.0 106.9 ± 5.7 104.9 ± 4.8 119.3 ± 2.4 100.8 ± 10.3 12.57 ± 0.32 6.47 ± 0.43 7.18 ± 0.72 7.08 ± 0.70 5.89 ± 0.27
Butyraldehyde (μg/item/mg nicotine) 45.3 ± 2.7 50.8 ± 2.4 47.4 ± 2.8 46.9 ± 1.4 52.7 ± 0.8 45.1 ± 5.0 33.7 ± 0.8 14.6 ± 0.9 16.9 ± 0.9 14.7 ± 0.9 11.5 ± 0.5
Hydrogen cyanide (μg/item/mg nicotine) 169 ± 10 222 ± 8 194 ± 6 231 ± 11 196 ± 18 224 ± 15 4.50* 1.90 ± 0.16 2.22 ± 0.24 2.26 ± 0.16 2.60 ± 0.39
Mercury (ng/item/mg nicotine) 4.18 ± 0.30 3.86 ± 0.48 1.56 ± 0.05 2.58 ± 0.23 2.71 ± 0.16 2.69 ± 0.16 3.47 ± 0.33 1.42 ± 0.13 1.80 ± 0.14 1.29 ± 0.12 1.20 ± 0.08
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium (ng/item/mg nicotine) 48.8 ± 3.2 53.1 ± 5.9 58.3 ± 2.7 58.2 ± 3.4 47.8 ± 2.0 51.6 ± 1.0 0.231* 0.068* 0.118* 0.065* 0.055*
Lead (ng/item/mg nicotine) 34.0* 30.5* 15.5* 15.1* 13.3 ± 0.6 14.5 ± 0.6 2.42* 0.54* 0.45* 0.68* 0.57*
Chromium (ng/item/mg nicotine) 15.72* 14.13* 7.14* 6.91* 5.57* 5.32* 12.46* 7.14* 8.73* 6.78* 7.27*
Nickel (ng/item/mg nicotine) 17.05* 15.32* 11.37* 7.49* 6.04* 5.77* 40.86* 11.99* 14.68* 11.40* 9.65*
Arsenic (ng/item/mg nicotine) 9.90* 8.90* 4.53* 4.85 ± 0.31 5.24 ± 0.13 5.29 ± 0.12 1.40* 0.90* 0.80* 0.86* 0.89 ± 0.15
Selenium (ng/item/mg nicotine) 5.84* 5.25* 2.65* 2.57* 2.07* 1.98* 1.24* 0.54* 0.44* 0.51* 0.36*
Nitrogen oxides
NO (μg/item/mg nicotine) 317 ± 20 344 ± 15 282 ± 8 301 ± 13 311 ± 12 370 ± 51 19.62 ± 1.02 9.69± 1.35 9.74 ± 0.72 9.31 ± 0.93 7.40 ± 0.56
NOx(μg/item/mg nicotine) 340 ± 21 366 ± 16 304 ± 6 324 ± 13 337 ± 13 403 ± 54 21.05 ± 1.04 10.54 ± 1.43 10.52 ± 0.76 10.16 ± 0.94 9.07 ± 0.61
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine (μg/item/mg nicotine) 15.1 ± 1.1 15.5 ± 2.1 17.4 ± 2.4 20.4 ± 3.4 22.3 ± 2.0 23.0 ± 1.1 5.11 ± 0.77 4.98 ± 0.40 5.64 ± 0.46 4.82 ± 0.58 2.90 ± 0.09
Quinoline (μg/item/mg nicotine) 0.36 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.01 0.29 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02 0.0077* 0.0093 ± 0.0007 0.0102* 0.0135 ± 0.0020 0.0153 ± 0.0008
Styrene (μg/item/mg nicotine) 7.65 ± 1.11 8.30 ± 1.44 10.57 ± 2.71 10.66 ± 1.69 11.44 ± 1.51 10.80± 0.24 0.29 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.02
Nitrobenzene (μg/item/mg nicotine) 0.050* 0.045* 0.023* 0.022* 0.018* 0.017* 0.0283* 0.0083* 0.0102* 0.0079* 0.0067*
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone (μg/item/mg nicotine) 51.6 ± 5.2 48.9 ± 5.9 53.4 ± 1.3 56.6 ± 2.9 58.2 ± 3.1 61.8 ± 5.4 6.83 ± 0.52 6.54 ± 0.31 6.77 ± 0.59 5.81 ± 0.49 4.77 ± 0.39
Resorcinol (μg/item/mg nicotine) 1.74* 1.57* 1.61 ± 0.10 1.28 ± 0.12 1.50 ± 0.17 1.72 ± 0.14 0.041* 0.041* 0.051* 0.039* 0.033*
Catechol (μg/item/mg nicotine) 55.6 ± 3.7 51.6 ± 6.2 56.5 ± 1.4 57.4 ± 4.0 56.4 ± 3.8 55.8 ± 4.2 13.11 ± 0.74 11.84 ± 0.57 13.44 ± 0.94 10.49 ± 0.88 7.54 ± 0.49
Phenol (μg/item/mg nicotine) 10.75 ± 1.04 8.65 ± 1.26 10.78 ± 0.74 8.64 ± 0.97 7.94 ± 0.96 5.66 ± 0.37 0.25* 1.59 ± 0.17 1.19 ± 0.18 3.02 ± 0.27 5.44 ± 0.39
p-Cresol (μg/item/mg nicotine) 6.76 ± 0.46 5.61 ± 0.69 6.36 ± 0.37 5.26 ± 0.58 5.17 ± 0.56 3.88 ± 0.25 0.026* 0.062 ± 0.007 0.045 ± 0.005 0.115 ± 0.014 0.230 ± 0.015
m-Cresol (μg/item/mg nicotine) 2.78 ± 0.28 2.36 ± 0.30 2.58 ± 0.16 2.18 ± 0.24 2.00 ± 0.23 1.54 ± 0.13 0.015* 0.032 ± 0.004 0.021 ± 0.002 0.059 ± 0.007 0.119 ± 0.007
o-Cresol (μg/item/mg nicotine) 3.28 ± 0.36 2.68 ± 0.34 3.14 ± 0.20 2.55 ± 0.29 2.47 ± 0.31 1.91 ± 0.13 0.021* 0.067 ± 0.010 0.051 ± 0.007 0.128 ± 0.012 0.219 ± 0.013
Acetamide (μg/item/mg nicotine) 5.99 ± 0.42 5.83 ± 0.33 7.69 ± 0.21 7.49 ± 0.21 7.31 ± 0.47 7.45 ± 0.91 2.46 ± 0.26 3.00 ± 0.18 3.07 ± 0.14 2.90 ± 0.24 3.18 ± 0.08
Acrylamide (μg/item/mg nicotine) 2.22 ± 0.15 2.19 ± 0.16 2.81 ± 0.25 2.62 ± 0.18 2.28 ± 0.21 2.18 ± 0.23 1.17 ± 0.20 1.41 ± 0.06 1.31 ±0.06 1.49 ± 0.06 1.56 ± 0.05
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene (ng/item/mg nicotine) 54.4 ± 2.7 56.3 ± 2.3 50.7 ± 3.3 52.8 ± 1.6 48.8 ± 1.7 45.1 ± 1.5 8.36 ± 1.30 5.64 ± 0.33 5.64 ± 0.30 5.07 ± 0.56 3.33 ± 0.40
Benzo[a]anthracene (ng/item/mg nicotine) 16.1 ± 0.5 16.9 ± 0.5 16.4 ± 1.3 17.2 ± 0.9 16.9 ± 0.6 16.0 ± 0.6 1.82 ± 0.25 1.46 ± 0.16 1.54 ± 0.08 1.48 ± 0.12 0.95 ± 0.09
Benzo[a]pyrene (ng/item/mg nicotine) 8.06 ± 0.39 8.60 ± 0.18 7.93 ± 0.62 8.35 ± 0.35 7.32 ± 0.38 6.70 ± 0.33 0.91* 0.53 ± 0.05 0.55 ± 0.06 0.57± 0.05 0.40 ± 0.05
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (ng/item/mg nicotine) 0.91* 0.82* 0.72 ± 0.09 0.69 ± 0.03 0.68 ± 0.03 0.72 ± 0.07 0.32* 0.14* 0.11* 0.13* 0.11*
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene (μg/item/mg nicotine) 44.06 ± 4.11 49.32 ± 1.44 41.77 ± 3.91 56.18 ± 4.96 42.29 ± 1.30 46.78 ± 1.07 0.323 ± 0.048 0.114 ± 0.016 0.174 ± 0.061 0.112 ± 0.010 0.094 ± 0.008
Isoprene (μg/item/mg nicotine) 504 ± 65 589 ± 23 501 ± 52 506 ± 44 516 ± 15 548 ± 25 3.26 ± 0.36 1.05 ± 0.12 1.81 ± 0.45 0.92 ± 0.08 0.82± 0.15
Acrylonitrile (μg/item/mg nicotine) 10.4 ± 1.6 13.2 ± 0.2 13.6 ± 1.5 14.3 ± 1.3 14.8 ± 0.8 15.9 ± 1.2 0.275* 0.082 ± 0.002 0.130 ± 0.017 0.083 ± 0.003 0.078 ± 0.013
Benzene (μg/item/mg nicotine) 51.1 ± 7.0 58.0 ± 0.9 53.3 ± 4.2 52.5± 3.9 51.4 ± 2.5 50.6 ± 3.1 0.78 ± 0.04 0.40 ± 0.03 0.64 ± 0.10 0.40± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.06
Toluene (μg/item/mg nicotine) 73.6 ± 17.1 81.5 ± 3.4 89.8 ± 6.6 92.2 ± 10.2 93.6 ± 7.4 89.8 ± 6.4 2.04 ± 0.17 1.21 ± 0.10 2.00 ± 0.42 1.25 ± 0.04 1.00 ± 0.22
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride (ng/item/mg nicotine) 67.0 ± 5.5 65.1 ± 11.2 53.9 ±6.8 62.5 ± 9.4 56.9 ± 4.0 60.9 ± 3.6 1.69* 0.50* 0.61* 1.57* 1.33*
Ethylene oxide (μg/item/mg nicotine) 12.5 ± 1.1 13.4 ± 1.1 10.9 ± 0.9 10.8 ± 0.5 11.3 ± 0.5 12.0 ± 0.5 0.41 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.00 0.14 ± 0.01
Propylene oxide (ng/item/mg nicotine) 663 ± 73 626 ± 88 288 ± 23 664 ± 139 522 ± 57 569 ± 69 231.1 ± 25.2 83.2 ± 9.2 126.8 ± 19.0 82.7 ±9.0 60.3 ± 6.4
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene (ng/item/mg nicotine) 18.2 ± 1.6 16.1 ± 0.7 13.4 ± 1.3 12.9 ± 1.5 11.7 ± 0.7 10.5 ± 0.9 0.050* 0.026 ± 0.002 0.036 ±0.009 0.023 ± 0.004 0.019 ± 0.003
2-Aminonaphthalene (ng/item/mg nicotine) 18.42 ± 3.11 12.94 ± 1.12 12.10 ± 1.39 10.12 ± 1.20 8.19 ± 0.78 8.34 ± 0.69 0.0308* 0.0107* 0.0134 ± 0.0022 0.0087* 0.0044*
3-Aminobiphenyl (ng/item/mg nicotine) 3.73 ± 0.19 3.70 ± 0.33 2.81± 0.40 2.82 ± 0.30 2.60 ± 0.19 2.76 ± 0.11 0.0091* 0.0042 ± 0.0013 0.0079 ± 0.0014 0.0037* 0.0032 ± 0.0010
4-Aminobiphenyl (ng/item/mg nicotine) 2.34 ± 0.12 2.48 ± 0.13 1.86± 0.28 1.80 ± 0.29 1.70 ± 0.17 1.66 ± 0.07 0.0144* 0.0073 ± 0.0028 0.0118 ± 0.0033 0.0050 ± 0.0013 0.0051 ± 0.0011
o-Toluidine (ng/item/mg nicotine) 78.8 ± 3.8 75.0 ± 3.3 71.2 ± 1.1 67.1 ± 2.0 59.5 ± 3.8 57.9 ± 1.1 0.90 ± 0.09 0.83 ± 0.08 1.03 ± 0.06 1.04 ± 0.06 1.30 ± 0.14
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN (ng/item/mg nicotine) 163 ± 9 163 ± 8 151 ± 9 166 ± 10 167 ± 13 177 ± 10 6.43 ± 0.70 4.65 ± 0.66 5.18 ± 0.51 4.54 ± 0.16 3.99 ± 0.24
NAT (ng/item/mg nicotine) 174 ± 4 157 ± 7 151 ± 17 162 ± 22 156 ± 7 178 ± 18 13.22 ± 1.58 10.87 ± 1.14 11.52 ± 1.24 10.07 ± 0.67 8.42 ± 0.48
NAB (ng/item/mg nicotine) 16.1 ± 1.0 16.9 ± 1.4 16.7 ± 2.1 16.0 ± 1.7 14.0 ± 2.1 12.1 ± 0.7 2.50 ± 0.66 1.43 ± 0.16 1.37 ± 0.26 1.32 ± 0.16 1.11 ± 0.02
NNK (ng/item/mg nicotine) 146 ± 6 137 ± 10 139 ± 6 142 ± 15 128 ± 7 145 ± 17 6.06 ± 0.84 4.65 ± 0.84 5.07 ± 0.53 4.50 ± 0.31 4.38 ± 0.43

HPHCs categorized by threshold limit of robust reduction under HCI and more intense regimes and excluding ISO regime (THS 2.2 vs. 3R4F 100% occlusion of filter ventilation).

Compounds n Limit
1-Aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, Cd, HCN, isoprene, o-toluidine 11 ≥ 99
Benzo[a]pyrene, CO, ethylene oxide, m-cresol MEK, NAT, NNK, NNN, NO, NOx, Pb, p-cresol, quinoline, resorcinol, styrene, toluene, vinyl chloride 17 ≥ 95
Acetone, acrolein, As, benzo[a]anthracene, crotonaldehyde, hydroquinone, NAB, o-cresol, pyrene 9 ≥ 90
Acetaldehyde, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, propylene oxide 5 ≥ 85
Catechol 1 ≥ 80
Butyraldehyde, pyridine 2 ≥ 75
- 0 ≥ 70
Acetamide 1 ≥ 65
Acrylamide 1 ≥ 60
Ammonia, phenol 2 ≥ 55
Hg 1 ≥ 50
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