Occurrence of chemicals with known or suspected endocrine disrupting activity in drinking water, groundwater and surface water, Austria 2017/2018

Werner Brueller; Norbert Inreiter; Thomas Boegl; Martin Rubasch; Samim Saner; Franko Humer; Wolfgang Moche; Andrea Schuhmann; Werner Hartl; Christoph Brezinka; Ludwig Wildt; Franz Allerberger

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Occurrence of chemicals with known or suspected endocrine disrupting activity in drinking water, groundwater and surface water, Austria 2017/2018

Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment

Volumen 69 (2018): Edición 3 (September 2018)

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Article Category: Research Article

Publicado en línea: 30 nov 2018

Páginas: 155 - 173

Recibido: 20 jul 2018

Aceptado: 24 sept 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2018-0014

Palabras clave
Chemicals, endocrine disruptors, hormone, bisphenol A, water, toxicology, risk assessment

© 2018 Werner Brueller, Norbert Inreiter, Thomas Boegl, Martin Rubasch, Samim Saner, Franko Humer, Wolfgang Moche, Andrea Schuhmann, Werner Hartl, Christoph Brezinka, Ludwig Wildt, Franz Allerberger, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Location of the 54 sample sites distinguished by matrixAbbildung 1. Lage der 54 Probenorte, nach Matrix unterschieden

Analytes found in concentrations above the limit of quantification (EQS = EU Environmental quality standards; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; BPA = Bisphenol A; NP1EO = 4-nonylphenol monoethoxylate; BDE = Brominated diphenylether; PBDEs = Polybrominated diphenyl ethers) compared to limit values (* Default assumption for adults taking into consideration the WHO allocation concept; EQS = environmental quality standards; PV = parametric value according to the EU drinking water directive; GV = WHO guideline value; DWEL = US EPA drinking water equivalent level).Tabelle 8. Analyte in Konzentrationen über der Bestimmungsgrenze (EQS = EU-Umweltqualitätsnormen; PFOA = Perfluoroctansäure; PFOS = Perfluoroctansulfonsäure; BPA = Bisphenol A; NP1EO = 4-Nonylphenolmonoethoxylat; BDE = bromierter Diphenylether; PBDE = Polybromierte Diphenylether) im Vergleich zu Grenzwerten (* Standard-Annahme für Erwachsene unter Berücksichtigung des WHO-Zuteilungskonzepts; EQS = Umweltqualitätsnormen; PV = Parameterwert gemäß EU-Trinkwasserrichtlinie; GV = WHO-Richtwert; DWEL = US EPA Trinkwasser--Äquivalenzniveau).

Source	Parameter	Number of samples/sources above LOQ/total number	Range/values	PV/GV/DWEL drinking water	Reference
			μg/l	μg/l
drinking water	PFOA	3 out of 20	0.0042–0.0107	4	WHO, 2017a
bathing water		2 out of 5	0.0040–0.0050
groundwater		7 out of 22	0.0026–0.0137
river		1 out of 7	0.0032
drinking water	PFOS	3 out of 20	0.0029–0.0433	0.4	WHO, 2017a
groundwater		4 out of 22	0.0036–0.0373
river		1 out of 7	0.0052
drinking water	BPA	4 out of 20	0.0075, 0.0089, 0.0131, 0.0209	0.01	EC, 2018b
groundwater		1 out of 22	0.0089
bathing water		1 out of 5	0.0145	0.1	WHO, 2017a
drinking water	BDE28	1 out of 20	0.0000088	0.018^*	ATSDR, 2017
drinking water	BDE 47	2 out of 20	0.00046–0.00049	1.03^*	EFSA, 2011
groundwater		3 out of 22	0.00043–0.00062
drinking water	BDE 99	2 out of 20	0.00015–0.00021	0.025^*	EFSA, 2011
groundwater		3 out of 22	0.00014–0.00025
groundwater	BDE 100	3 out of 22	0.000035–0.000056	12^*	EPA, 2017
drinking water		2 out of 20	0.000048–0.000049
drinking water	BDE 153	1 out of 20	0.00003	0.058^*	EFSA, 2011
drinking water	BDE 154	1 out of 20	0.000029	1.2^*	EPA, 2017
ground water		1 out of 22	0.000021
bathing water	Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	1 out of 5	0.21	8	WHO, 2017b
groundwater		2 out of 22	0.32–0.37
drinking water	Di-n-butylphthalate	1 out of 20	0.11	40.2^*	ECHA, 2016
groundwater		5 out of 22	0.051–0.19
drinking water	Diethylphthalate	1 out of 20	0.29	3000^*	WHO, 2003
bathing water		2 out of 5	0.021–0.052
river		4 out of 7	0.021–0.036
groundwater		4 out of 22	0.022–0.094
groundwater	Benzylbutylphthalate	1 out of 22	0.01	3000^*	EFSA, 2005
groundwater	Dimethylphthalate	4 out of 22	0.012–0.024	toxicity less than	US CPSC, 2010
river		1 out of 7	0.013	other phthalates

Groundwater: distribution of positive (pos) results among individual samples (abbreviations as used in Table 4)Tabelle 5. Grundwasser: Verteilung der positiven (pos) Ergebnisse bei einzelnen Proben (Abkürzungen wie in Tabelle 4 verwendet)

Sample/Param	I	III	IV	V	VI	VIII	XI	XII	XIII	XIV	XV	XVI	XVII	XVIII	XIX	XXI	XXII	Sum
E1
E2
E3
EE2
PFOA				pos				pos		pos		pos	pos		pos		pos	7
PFOS		pos		pos						pos		pos						4
OP
BPA	pos																	1
BPS
TCS
OP1EO
OP2EO
NP1EO			pos	pos														2
NP2EO
BDE 100								pos	pos					pos				3
BDE 153
BDE 154																pos		1
BDE 28
BDE 47								pos	pos					pos				3
BDE 99								pos	pos					pos				3
BBP			pos															1
DEHP	pos			pos														2
DEDP
DINP
DBP								pos	pos		pos				pos		pos	5
DOP
DEP						pos	pos	pos									pos	4
DMP			pos	pos	pos	pos												4

Bathing water: distribution of positive (pos) results among individual samples (abbreviations as used in Table 4)Tabelle 6. Badegewässer: Verteilung der positiven (pos) Ergebnisse bei einzelnen Proben (Abkürzungen wie in Tabelle 4 verwendet)

Sample/Param	II	III	IV	V	VI	Sum
E1
E2
E3
EE2
PFOA	pos	pos				2
PFOS
OP
BPA					pos	1
BPS
TCS
OP1EO
OP2EO
NP1EO
NP2EO
BDE 100
BDE 153
BDE 154
BDE 28
BDE 47
BDE 99
BBP
DEHP				pos		1
DEDP
DINP
DBP
DOP
DEP			pos		pos	2
DMP

Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs): limits of quantification (LOQ)Tabelle 3. Polybromierte Diphenylether (PBDE): Bestimmungsgrenzen (LOQ)

	LOQ	LOQ
Parameter	Period 1 [μg/l]	Period 2 [μg/l]
BDE 28 (2,4,4^´-Tribromodiphenylether)	0.0000072	0.0000083
BDE 47 (2,2^´,4,4^´-Tetrabromodiphenylether)	0.00023	0.00025
BDE 99 (2,2^´,4,4^´,5-Pentabromodi-phenylether)	0.00020	0.00014
BDE 100 (2,2^´,4,4^´,6-Pentabromodi-phenylether)	0.000040	0.000029
BDE 153 (2,2^´,4,4^´,5,5^´-Hexabromo-diphenylether)	0.000012	0.0000093
BDE 154 (2,2^´,4,4^´,5,6^´-Hexabromo-diphenylether)	0.000016	0.000016

Phthalates: limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ)Tabelle 2. Phthalate: Nachweisgrenzen (LOD) und Bestimmungsgrenzen (LOQ)

Parameter	LOQ [μg/l]	LOD [μg/l]
Dimethylphthalate	0.010	0.0050
Diethylphthalate	0.020	0.010
Di-n-butylphthalate	0.050	0.025
Benzylbutylphthalate	0.010	0.0050
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	0.20	0.10
Di-n-octylphthalate	0.010	0.0050
Di-iso-nonylphthalate	0.20	0.10
Di-iso-decylphthalate	0.20	0.10

Drinking water: distribution of positive (pos) results among individual samples (Param. = test parameter; E1 = Estrone, E2 = Estradiol, E3 = Estriol, EE2 = Ethinylestradiol, PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS = Perofluorooctanesulfonic acid, OP = 4-tert-octylphenol, BPA = Bisphenol A, BPS = Bisphenol S, TCS = Triclosan, OP1EO = Octylphenol-mono-ethoxylate, OP2EO = Octylphenol-di-ethoxylate, NP1EO = Nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate, NP2O = Nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate, BDE 100 = 2,2´,4,4´,6-Pentabromodiphenylether, BDE 153 = 2,2´,4,4´,5,5´-Hexabromodiphenylether, BDE 154 = 2,2´,4,4´,5,6´-Hexabromodiphenylether, BDE 28 = 2,4,4´-Tribromodiphenylether, BDE 47 = 2,2´,4,4´-Tetrabromodiphenylether, BDE 99 = 2,2´,4,4´,5-Pentabromodiphenylether, BBP = Benzylbutylphthalate, DEHP = Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEDP = Di-iso-decylphthalate, DINP = Di-iso-nonylphthalate, DBP = Di-n-butylphthalate, DOP = Di-n-octylphthalate, DEP = Diethylphthalate, DMP = Dimethylphthalate)Tabelle 4. Trinkwasser: Verteilung der positiven (pos) Ergebnisse bei einzelnen Proben (Param. = Testparameter; E1 = Estron, E2 = Estradiol, E3 = Estriol, EE2 = Ethinylestradiol, PFOA = Perfluoroctansäure, PFOS = Perofluoroctansulfonsäure Säure, OP = 4-tert-Octylphenol, BPA = Bisphenol A , BPS = Bisphenol S , TCS = Triclosan, OP1EO = Octylphenolmonoethoxylat, OP2EO = Octylphenol-diethoxylat, NP1EO = Nonylphenolmonoethoxylat, NP2EO = Nonylphenol-diethoxylat, BDE 100 = 2,2 ', 4,4', 6-Pentabromdiphenylether, BDE 153 = 2,2 ', 4,4', 5,5 '- Hexabromdiphenylether, BDE 154 = 2,2 ', 4,4', 5,6'-Hexabromdiphenylether, BDE 28 = 2,4,4'-Tribromdiphenylether, BDE 47 = 2,2 ', 4,4'-Tetrabromdiphenylether, BDE 99 = 2,2 ', 4,4', 5-Pentabromdiphenyläther, BBP = Benzylbutylphthalat, DEHP = Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalat, DEDP = Diisodecylphthalat, DINP = Diisononylphthalat, DBP = Di-n-Butylphthalat, DOP = Di-n-Octylphthalat, DEP = Diethylphthalat, DMP = Dimethylphthalat)

Sample/Param	I	IV	VI	VII	VIII	IX	XI	XV	XVI	XVII	XVIII	XX	Sum
E1
E2
E3
EE2
PFOA		pos	pos			pos							3
PFOS						pos			pos	pos			3
OP
BPA	pos			pos	pos				pos				4
BPS
TCS
OP 1EO
OP2EO
NP1EO
NP2EO
BDE 100											pos	pos	2
BDE 153							pos						1
BDE 154							pos						1
BDE 28												pos	1
BDE 47											pos	pos	2
BDE 99											pos	pos	2
BBP
DEHP
DEDP
DINP
DBP			pos										1
DOP
DEP								pos					1
DMP

Rivers: distribution of positive (pos) results among individual samples (abbreviations as used in Table 4)Tabelle 7. Flüsse: Verteilung der positiven (pos) Ergebnisse bei einzelnen Proben (Abkürzungen wie in Tabelle 4 verwendet)

Sample/Param	I	II	V	VI	VII	Sum
E1
E2
E3
EE2
PFOA					pos	1
PFOS			pos			1
OP
BPA
BPS
TCS
OP1EO
OP2EO
NP1EO				pos		1
NP2EO
BDE 100
BDE 153
BDE 154
BDE 28
BDE 47
BDE 99
BBP
DEHP
DEDP
DINP
DBP
DOP
DEP	pos	pos		pos	pos	4
DMP	pos					1

Selected analytes with corresponding internal standardsTabelle 1. Ausgewählte Analyten mit den jeweiligen internen Standards

Analyte	Internal Standards	LOQ [ng/l]	LOD [ng/l]
Estrone (E1)	Estrone-D4	0.13	0.035
Estradiol (E2)	Estradiol-D4	0.11	0.030
Estriol (E3)	Ethinylestradiol-D7	0.44	0.118
Ethinylestradiol (EE₂)	Ethinylestradiol-D7	0.084	0.023
Bisphenol A (BPA)	Bisphenol A-D16	6.5	1.8
Bisphenol S (BPS)	Bisphenol A-D16	6.2	1.7
Triclosan (TCS)	Triclosan-D3	3.3	0.9
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)	Perfluorooctanoic acid-¹³C8	1.95	0.5
Perofluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)	Perofluorooctanesulfonic acid-¹³C8	2.8	0.77
Nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate (NP1EO)	Atrazin-D5	8.9	2.5
Nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate (NP2EO	Atrazin-D5	6.9	1.9
4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert.-OP)	4-tert-octylphenol-D2	3.7	1.0
Octylphenol-mono-ethoxylate (OP1EO)	Atrazin-D5	8.20	1.7
Octylphenol-di-ethoxylate (OP2EO)	Atrazin-D5	6.2	1.3

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Occurrence of chemicals with known or suspected endocrine disrupting activity in drinking water, groundwater and surface water, Austria 2017/2018

Article Category: Research Article

Publicado en línea: 30 nov 2018

Páginas: 155 - 173

Recibido: 20 jul 2018

Aceptado: 24 sept 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2018-0014

Palabras claveChemicals, endocrine disruptors, hormone, bisphenol A, water, toxicology, risk assessment

© 2018 Werner Brueller, Norbert Inreiter, Thomas Boegl, Martin Rubasch, Samim Saner, Franko Humer, Wolfgang Moche, Andrea Schuhmann, Werner Hartl, Christoph Brezinka, Ludwig Wildt, Franz Allerberger, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Groundwater: distribution of positive (pos) results among individual samples (abbreviations as used in Table 4)Tabelle 5. Grundwasser: Verteilung der positiven (pos) Ergebnisse bei einzelnen Proben (Abkürzungen wie in Tabelle 4 verwendet)

Bathing water: distribution of positive (pos) results among individual samples (abbreviations as used in Table 4)Tabelle 6. Badegewässer: Verteilung der positiven (pos) Ergebnisse bei einzelnen Proben (Abkürzungen wie in Tabelle 4 verwendet)

Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs): limits of quantification (LOQ)Tabelle 3. Polybromierte Diphenylether (PBDE): Bestimmungsgrenzen (LOQ)

Phthalates: limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ)Tabelle 2. Phthalate: Nachweisgrenzen (LOD) und Bestimmungsgrenzen (LOQ)

Rivers: distribution of positive (pos) results among individual samples (abbreviations as used in Table 4)Tabelle 7. Flüsse: Verteilung der positiven (pos) Ergebnisse bei einzelnen Proben (Abkürzungen wie in Tabelle 4 verwendet)

Selected analytes with corresponding internal standardsTabelle 1. Ausgewählte Analyten mit den jeweiligen internen Standards

Palabras clave
Chemicals, endocrine disruptors, hormone, bisphenol A, water, toxicology, risk assessment