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Efficient Cost-Effective Static-PPP Using Mixed GPS/Glonass Single-Frequency Observations (KSA)

Ashraf Farah
Ashraf Farah
   | 22 abr 2022
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Publicado en línea: 22 abr 2022
Páginas: 1 - 17
Recibido: 10 ago 2021
Aceptado: 24 ene 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2022-0001
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© 2022 Ashraf Farah, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

KSA-CORS network with tested stations marked in it (GASGI, 2021)
KSA-CORS network with tested stations marked in it (GASGI, 2021)

Figure 2.

Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station NB03)
Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station NB03)

Figure 3.

Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station RY99)
Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station RY99)

Figure 4.

Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station NJ04)
Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station NJ04)

Figure 5.

Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station NB03)
Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station NB03)

Figure 6.

Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station RY99)
Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station RY99)

Figure 7.

Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station NJ04)
Static-PPP positioning precision as a function of observation duration for single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station NJ04)

Figure 8.

Static-PPP accuracy variation comparing true coordinates for different observation duration from single-frequency mixed GPS/GLONASS observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) for tested stations
Static-PPP accuracy variation comparing true coordinates for different observation duration from single-frequency mixed GPS/GLONASS observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) for tested stations

Figure 9.

Static-PPP accuracy variation comparing true coordinates for different observation duration from single-frequency mixed GPS/GLONASS observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) for three tested stations
Static-PPP accuracy variation comparing true coordinates for different observation duration from single-frequency mixed GPS/GLONASS observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) for three tested stations

Static-PPP accuracy variation with observation duration from single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station NB03)

Duration of observations GLONASS GPS Mixed GPS/GLONASS
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min 2.551 3.361 8.322 1.404 1.384 3.096 1.336 1.336 3.117
30 min 2.007 2.594 2.594 1.172 1.384 2.180 1.132 1.336 2.259
1 h 1.200 1.725 2.844 0.777 1.231 1.273 0.642 0.981 1.150
2 h 0.702 0.816 1.607 0.331 0.678 0.628 0.297 0.507 0.577
4 h 0.310 0.376 0.726 0.155 0.367 0.386 0.129 0.242 0.309
6 h 0.203 0.356 0.490 0.106 0.317 0.272 0.091 0.216 0.224
8 h 0.125 0.306 0.352 0.107 0.322 0.255 0.088 0.224 0.211
10 h 0.137 0.295 0.384 0.119 0.314 0.284 0.094 0.213 0.231
12 h 0.145 0.275 0.400 0.135 0.324 0.315 0.100 0.204 0.247
14 h 0.137 0.266 0.373 0.140 0.309 0.329 0.098 0.196 0.243
16 h 0.125 0.258 0.337 0.130 0.269 0.307 0.091 0.189 0.222
18 h 0.128 0.254 0.337 0.117 0.249 0.282 0.088 0.182 0.212
20 h 0.122 0.233 0.317 0.106 0.229 0.256 0.081 0.170 0.195
22 h 0.113 0.220 0.293 0.099 0.208 0.240 0.075 0.158 0.181
24 h 0.104 0.204 0.269 0.090 0.187 0.219 0.070 0.147 0.169

The characteristics of the two tested days related to ionosphere activity (SILSO, 2021; STCE, 2021; GFZ, 2021)

Ionosphere state of activity Date GPS day SSN VTEC (TECu) Kp F10.7obs
Quiet 03-01-2021 21,390 0 15 0.333 80.4
Active 31-10-2021 21,820 68 29 4 102.7

Static-PPP accuracy variation with observation duration from single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station RY99)

Duration of observations GLONASS GPS Mixed GPS/GLONASS
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min 2.492 2.695 8.157 1.274 1.509 2.898 1.290 1.429 3.246
30 min 1.774 2.220 4.843 1.608 1.509 2.136 1.081 1.431 2.374
1 h 1.451 1.974 3.308 0.766 1.360 1.277 0.649 1.061 1.148
2 h 0.676 0.839 1.526 0.332 0.658 0.635 0.299 0.516 0.588
4 h 0.382 0.518 0.790 0.146 0.320 0.409 0.130 0.252 0.342
6 h 0.224 0.494 0.583 0.123 0.330 0.359 0.105 0.247 0.283
8 h 0.202 0.502 0.587 0.148 0.410 0.411 0.122 0.305 0.319
10 h 0.225 0.477 0.646 0.215 0.534 0.579 0.155 0.342 0.414
12 h 0.261 0.489 0.728 0.231 0.518 0.604 0.172 0.345 0.453
14 h 0.256 0.489 0.712 0.243 0.502 0.641 0.177 0.341 0.464
16 h 0.253 0.476 0.691 0.225 0.443 0.600 0.169 0.321 0.435
18 h 0.249 0.463 0.670 0.216 0.408 0.572 0.164 0.311 0.415
20 h 0.245 0.453 0.653 0.193 0.367 0.515 0.151 0.297 0.381
22 h 0.236 0.439 0.619 0.181 0.333 0.476 0.142 0.282 0.352
24 h 0.210 0.391 0.545 0.161 0.303 0.423 0.129 0.258 0.320

Static-PPP accuracy variation with observation duration from single-frequency observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) (station NJ04)

Duration of observations GLONASS GPS Mixed GPS/GLONASS
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min 2.619 2.649 7.834 1.808 2.182 4.205 1.588 1.763 4.009
30 min 1.983 2.437 4.855 1.482 2.051 3.254 1.189 1.568 2.704
1 h 1.266 1.638 2.479 0.845 1.473 1.554 0.702 1.085 1.312
2 h 0.629 0.925 1.413 0.388 0.791 0.771 0.330 0.600 0.680
4 h 0.345 0.534 0.767 0.160 0.398 0.469 0.143 0.305 0.389
6 h 0.212 0.496 0.545 0.177 0.493 0.534 0.137 0.332 0.368
8 h 0.177 0.475 0.481 0.165 0.486 0.484 0.126 0.338 0.334
10 h 0.160 0.374 0.432 0.151 0.444 0.434 0.115 0.286 0.305
12 h 0.160 0.339 0.437 0.141 0.391 0.397 0.109 0.255 0.294
14 h 0.145 0.329 0.411 0.152 0.392 0.428 0.107 0.251 0.295
16 h 0.147 0.329 0.412 0.143 0.365 0.410 0.107 0.250 0.288
18 h 0.147 0.327 0.401 0.136 0.338 0.383 0.105 0.247 0.278
20 h 0.150 0.332 0.401 0.125 0.314 0.352 0.100 0.242 0.261
22 h 0.144 0.322 0.374 0.118 0.286 0.325 0.095 0.229 0.242
24 h 0.130 0.290 0.345 0.105 0.252 0.289 0.086 0.208 0.223

Static-PPP accuracy variation comparing true coordinates for different observation duration from single-frequency mixed GPS/GLONASS observations (active ionosphere) (GPS day 21,820) for the three tested stations

Duration of observations Station (NB03) Station (RY99) Station (NJ04)
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min 0.166 −0.048 −0.718 −0.74 0.614 −0.403 0.252 0.018 −0.834
30 min 0.153 −0.048 −0.55 −0.508 0.556 −0.072 0.161 −0.02 −0.612
1 h 0.01 −0.026 −0.231 −0.201 0.259 −0.123 0.031 −0.039 −0.232
2 h −0.014 −0.012 −0.176 −0.084 0.032 −0.068 0.02 −0.115 −0.097
4 h −0.017 −0.057 −0.087 −0.011 −0.019 −0.126 −0.002 −0.046 −0.069
6 h −0.026 −0.06 −0.065 −0.017 −0.033 −0.11 −0.004 −0.049 −0.094
8 h −0.025 −0.046 −0.05 −0.021 −0.023 −0.088 0.009 −0.033 −0.102
10 h −0.022 −0.065 −0.056 −0.025 −0.05 −0.069 0.006 −0.028 −0.095
12 h −0.016 −0.087 −0.038 0.001 −0.155 −0.081 0.005 −0.028 −0.087
14 h −0.015 −0.079 −0.034 0.015 −0.117 −0.125 0.01 −0.031 −0.091
16 h −0.018 −0.074 −0.034 0.017 0.007 −0.087 0.008 −0.036 −0.075
18 h −0.026 −0.073 −0.021 0.018 −0.047 −0.086 0.005 −0.023 −0.066
20 h −0.027 −0.07 −0.03 0.014 −0.051 −0.117 0.007 −0.046 −0.068
22 h −0.024 −0.075 −0.038 0.015 −0.074 −0.11 0.008 −0.009 −0.065
24 h −0.024 −0.079 −0.04 0.011 −0.089 −0.093 0.006 −0.015 −0.058

Tested stations’ geographic coordinates

KSA-CORS station Latitude (deg. min. sec) Longitude (deg. min. sec) Ellipsoidal height (m)
NB03 N 32° 08′ 18.30054″ E 39° 11′ 53.66771″ 960.417
RY99 N 24° 40′ 26.82870″ E 46° 41′ 39.29147″ 644.579
NJ04 N 17° 28′ 28.02108″ E 47° 05′ 14.51550″ 716.362

Static-PPP accuracy variation with observation duration from single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station NJ04)

Duration of observations GLONASS GPS Mixed GPS/GLONASS
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min 3.987 6.421 9.192 1.050 1.404 2.388 0.977 1.375 2.221
30 min 2.378 4.863 4.491 0.808 1.404 1.304 0.744 1.375 1.315
1 h 1.001 3.324 1.938 0.564 1.404 0.968 0.513 1.375 0.933
2 h 0.355 1.952 0.978 0.298 1.097 0.858 0.220 0.811 0.580
4 h 0.278 1.203 0.755 0.138 0.488 0.389 0.121 0.442 0.337
6 h 0.215 0.827 0.522 0.133 0.429 0.359 0.113 0.383 0.296
8 h 0.182 0.511 0.479 0.105 0.331 0.286 0.089 0.259 0.245
10 h 0.175 0.478 0.452 0.109 0.302 0.303 0.090 0.242 0.249
12 h 0.169 0.533 0.455 0.104 0.285 0.293 0.083 0.230 0.231
14 h 0.163 0.448 0.446 0.094 0.253 0.258 0.075 0.198 0.210
16 h 0.173 0.415 0.475 0.080 0.232 0.228 0.068 0.180 0.191
18 h 0.155 0.400 0.424 0.074 0.218 0.212 0.062 0.170 0.174
20 h 0.142 0.395 0.401 0.069 0.202 0.194 0.057 0.161 0.160
22 h 0.133 0.349 0.373 0.065 0.180 0.181 0.053 0.143 0.149
24 h 0.123 0.290 0.347 0.060 0.160 0.169 0.049 0.124 0.139

Static-PPP accuracy variation with observation duration from single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station NB03)

Duration of observations GLONASS GPS Mixed GPS/GLONASS
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min 3.789 4.922 7.551 1.313 1.437 2.061 1.190 1.371 2.017
30 min 2.502 4.720 4.432 0.856 1.437 1.241 0.785 1.371 1.278
1 h 1.217 3.338 1.859 0.528 1.437 0.736 0.508 1.371 0.843
2 h 0.489 2.035 0.870 0.345 1.366 0.704 0.224 0.812 0.453
4 h 0.251 1.032 0.516 0.142 0.481 0.292 0.121 0.424 0.250
6 h 0.207 0.650 0.424 0.102 0.296 0.234 0.091 0.269 0.204
8 h 0.174 0.333 0.395 0.089 0.243 0.210 0.079 0.196 0.185
10 h 0.167 0.316 0.362 0.104 0.238 0.234 0.089 0.191 0.198
12 h 0.148 0.310 0.332 0.099 0.222 0.220 0.083 0.181 0.184
14 h 0.133 0.262 0.304 0.086 0.201 0.193 0.073 0.160 0.164
16 h 0.129 0.236 0.293 0.072 0.186 0.168 0.064 0.146 0.146
18 h 0.110 0.217 0.264 0.064 0.165 0.151 0.056 0.132 0.132
20 h 0.091 0.209 0.233 0.059 0.149 0.139 0.050 0.122 0.121
22 h 0.085 0.189 0.220 0.057 0.132 0.132 0.047 0.109 0.114
24 h 0.083 0.171 0.213 0.053 0.121 0.123 0.045 0.099 0.107

Static-PPP accuracy variation comparing true coordinates for different observation duration from single-frequency mixed GPS/GLONASS observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) for the three tested stations

Duration of observations Station (NB03) Station (RY99) Station (NJ04)
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min −0.052 −0.329 −0.06 −0.132 0.001 −0.19 −0.266 −0.404 −0.149
30 min −0.064 −0.338 −0.006 −0.008 −0.136 −0.327 −0.129 −0.394 −0.107
1 h −0.059 −0.232 −0.15 −0.045 −0.008 −0.261 −0.107 −0.017 0.045
2 h −0.013 −0.179 −0.051 0.001 −0.13 −0.14 −0.032 −0.096 −0.058
4 h −0.005 −0.063 −0.02 0.014 −0.036 −0.07 −0.005 −0.016 −0.002
6 h −0.004 −0.033 −0.025 0.005 −0.023 −0.059 −0.008 −0.034 −0.032
8 h −0.007 −0.028 −0.037 0 −0.021 −0.066 −0.004 −0.026 −0.012
10 h −0.009 −0.035 −0.051 −0.004 −0.023 −0.076 −0.005 −0.034 −0.007
12 h −0.012 −0.036 −0.053 −0.007 −0.02 −0.07 −0.003 −0.042 0.002
14 h −0.015 −0.034 −0.048 −0.01 −0.013 −0.072 −0.003 −0.048 0.003
16 h −0.014 −0.029 −0.045 −0.008 −0.012 −0.074 −0.003 −0.045 0.006
18 h −0.016 −0.017 −0.04 −0.009 −0.003 −0.072 −0.003 −0.036 0.006
20 h −0.016 −0.014 −0.035 −0.007 −0.015 −0.065 0 −0.032 0.007
22 h −0.016 −0.011 −0.036 −0.008 −0.014 −0.07 0.002 −0.02 0.006
24 h −0.015 −0.01 −0.038 −0.006 −0.014 −0.069 0.001 −0.016 0.004

Static-PPP accuracy variation with observation duration from single-frequency observations (quiet ionosphere) (GPS day 21,390) (station RY99)

Duration of observations GLONASS GPS Mixed GPS/GLONASS
Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m) Lat. (m) Long. (m) Ellip. height (m)
15 min 4.171 6.356 8.762 1.151 1.399 2.112 1.070 1.377 2.052
30 min 2.339 4.984 4.448 0.855 1.399 1.254 0.779 1.377 1.317
1 h 0.984 3.294 1.895 0.478 1.399 0.801 0.472 1.377 0.870
2 h 0.372 2.037 0.921 0.344 1.399 0.943 0.225 0.899 0.577
4 h 0.258 1.117 0.662 0.144 0.492 0.379 0.124 0.439 0.323
6 h 0.232 0.785 0.559 0.110 0.334 0.285 0.098 0.307 0.252
8 h 0.200 0.498 0.518 0.123 0.351 0.317 0.100 0.257 0.265
10 h 0.247 0.590 0.622 0.175 0.435 0.443 0.135 0.317 0.345
12 h 0.224 0.596 0.577 0.166 0.391 0.417 0.125 0.297 0.320
14 h 0.212 0.491 0.558 0.142 0.343 0.352 0.108 0.247 0.279
16 h 0.217 0.446 0.570 0.118 0.311 0.302 0.095 0.221 0.247
18 h 0.186 0.424 0.500 0.104 0.288 0.271 0.082 0.204 0.216
20 h 0.160 0.394 0.447 0.095 0.266 0.245 0.072 0.188 0.193
22 h 0.151 0.347 0.423 0.088 0.237 0.227 0.067 0.165 0.179
24 h 0.142 0.302 0.397 0.081 0.213 0.211 0.062 0.146 0.167

Average number of visible satellites and average PDOP values for tested stations on tested days; GPS days 21,390 and 21,820

Date Station System Average no. visible satellites Average PDOP
(03-01-2021) (quiet ionosphere) NB03 GPS 8 1.888
GLONASS 6 2.765
GPS/GLONASS 15 1.388
RY99 GPS 8 1.970
GLONASS 6 5.003
GPS/GLONASS 15 1.432
NJ04 GPS 9 1.957
GLONASS 6 2.721
GPS/GLONASS 15 1.415
(31-10-2021) (active ionosphere) NB03 GPS 8 2.002
GLONASS 6 3.527
GPS/GLONASS 15 1.439
RY99 GPS 8 1.947
GLONASS 6 4.250
GPS/GLONASS 15 1.436
NJ04 GPS 9 1.921
GLONASS 6 4.123
GPS/GLONASS 15 1.418
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