Fudalej et al. (2017)15 |
Randomized controlled trial |
Eight junior orthodontic residents without any experience in treatment of CLP.Age: 25 to 31 years old (four male and four female). |
Extra-oral images of 60 non-syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients were taken from the frontal and profile views and were cropped.Photographs (N = 60) were divided into three groups (A, B and C) equally.Afterwards, three subgroups were formed within each group (A1, A2, A3; B1, B2, B3; and C1, C2, C3). The order of images in subgroups were arranged using random numbers generated online.Images from subgroups designated 1 were rated with VAS, images from subgroups designated 2 were rated with esthetic index (5-point Likert scale), and images from subgroups designated 3 were rated with reference score which used numerical scale from 0 to 200 and a reference photograph |
Reliability was measured by using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in assessing nasolabial appearance. |
Asik & Kök (2021)13 |
Cross-sectional |
195 participants (52 laypersons, 50 patient’s - relatives, 51dentists, and 42 orthodontists) from the Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics.Gender: 102 females, 93 males Age groups: 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 and over 50 years. |
Photographs of a female frontal posed smile were cropped to include only mouth and teeth produced a base image. Dental midline was adjusted 1, 2, 3, and 4mm to the left and right sides using Adobe Photoshop CC 2014 software resulting in 8 modified smile images.11images with eight modified smile photographs, one base photograph and 2 repeating photographs were randomly listed. Eye tracking device was used to detect participants’ eyes on the screen.Volunteers evaluated each image from an aesthetic point of view using survey forms consisting of VAS and Likert Scales |
Effect of dental midline deviation on the perception of smile aesthetics by orthodontist, dentists, patient relatives, and layperson.Reliability of eye tracking data, VAS and Likert scale was measured using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).Age and gender effect towards VAS and Likert scale scores in assessing dental midline. |
Hatch et al. (2017)12 |
Cross-sectional |
Ten university students and staff (5 females and 5 males) identified from convenience sampling approach |
Frontal and lateral views of images of 313 adults in Iowa were presented to the raters.The rates evaluated the overall facial attractiveness on a 5-point Likert scale and a VAS |
Reliability of both scales by using test-retest reliability in measuring overall facial attractiveness.Correlation between Likert Scale and VAS. |
Dourado et al. (2021)8 |
Cross-sectional |
90 evaluators divided into 3 groups equally: Lay people (20-67 years old)Orthodontist (27-45 years old) Oral and maxillofacial surgeon (26-51 years old). |
Evaluation on facial pleasantness was done on 10 adult patients’ photographs that underwent orthodontic treatment for different facial discrepancies compiled in an album.Each evaluator will assess the album at 2 different times 15-30 days apart. |
Reliability of Likert scale and VAS was measured through intra examiner error analysis.Correlation between both scales was measured using the Spearman correlation coefficient.Compare preference of both scales from the perspective of orthodontist, oral maxillofacial surgeons and laypeople. |
Eslamipour et al. (2017)14 |
Cross-sectional |
993 freshman students from Isfahan University were randomly selected and examined to assess the dental health component (DHC) index of the Index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) Examination was done by two examiners. |
Questionnaire divide into three sections: Demographic, index of oral aesthetic subjective index scale (OASIS) using 7-point Likert scale, VAS and IOTN. |
Determination of most reliable self-perceived indices by using intraclass coefficients.To assess sensitivity and specificity of self-perceived indices (Aesthetic component, OASIS and VAS) in comparison to DHC as normative index in young adults. |