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Sustainable Innovations: Mechanical and Tribological Advancements in Carbon and Kevlar Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Mohamed K. HASSAN

Mohamed K. HASSAN

  • Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah, Saudi Arabia
  • Production Engineering and Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia UniversityMinia,
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HASSAN, Mohamed K.
, 
Muneef H. ALAMERI

Muneef H. ALAMERI

Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah, Saudi Arabia
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ALAMERI, Muneef H.
, 
Sufyan AZAM

Sufyan AZAM

Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah, Saudi Arabia
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AZAM, Sufyan
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Somia M.S. ALFATIH

Somia M.S. ALFATIH

Mechanical engineering department, College of Engineering, Alasala College, King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd.Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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ALFATIH, Somia M.S.
 y 
Mohammed Y. ABDELLAH

Mohammed Y. ABDELLAH

  • Mechanical engineering department, College of Engineering, Alasala College, King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd.Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley UniversityQena, Egypt
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ABDELLAH, Mohammed Y.
  
30 jun 2025
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Publicado en línea: 30 jun 2025
Páginas: 309 - 317
Recibido: 20 ene 2025
Aceptado: 23 abr 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2025-0038
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© 2025 Mohamed K. HASSAN et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Martindale abrasion tester
Martindale abrasion tester

Fig. 2.

Kevlar and Carbon fabrics samples after cutting in 80mm diameter from fabrics and in holders before test
Kevlar and Carbon fabrics samples after cutting in 80mm diameter from fabrics and in holders before test

Fig. 3.

Average results of Tensile strength in dry and wet cases for: a) Kevlar fabric, b) Carbon
Average results of Tensile strength in dry and wet cases for: a) Kevlar fabric, b) Carbon

Fig. 4.

Average mechanical properties for (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy) in warp and weft directions for; a) Tensile strength, b) Young’s modulus
Average mechanical properties for (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy) in warp and weft directions for; a) Tensile strength, b) Young’s modulus

Fig. 5.

Stress-Strain curve composites in warp and weft directions of: a) Kevlar/epoxy, b) Carbon/epoxy and c) Kevlar – Carbon/epoxy
Stress-Strain curve composites in warp and weft directions of: a) Kevlar/epoxy, b) Carbon/epoxy and c) Kevlar – Carbon/epoxy

Fig. 6.

The failures of the composite; a) (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy), b) Kevlar fabric against sandpapers, c) Carbon fabric against sandpapers in warp and weft directions
The failures of the composite; a) (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy), b) Kevlar fabric against sandpapers, c) Carbon fabric against sandpapers in warp and weft directions

Fig. 7.

The failure modes before and after 75 abrasion cycles for a) Kevlar dry, b) Kevlar pure water, c) Kevlar sweat, b) carbon dry, e) carbon pure water, f) carbon sweat
The failure modes before and after 75 abrasion cycles for a) Kevlar dry, b) Kevlar pure water, c) Kevlar sweat, b) carbon dry, e) carbon pure water, f) carbon sweat

Average results of Tensile test for Kevlar and Carbon fabric on different conditions

for (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy) in warp and weft directions
Code Thickness (mm) Max Strain % Tensile strength (MPa) Fmax (kN) E-Mod (GPa)
K (warp) 2.25 4.03 358.63 19.72 8.39
K (weft) 2.13 4.56 341.28 18.20 6.77
C (warp) 2.30 2.09 391.85 23.13 21.64
C (weft) 2.37 1.65 333.68 19.13 22.20
KC (warp) 2.17 2.31 372.04 20.06 16.07
KC (weft) 2.30 1.84 238.97 13.73 11.96
for both directions (warp & weft) for each composite (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy)
K 2.19 4.30 349.95 18.96 7.58
C 2.33 1.87 362.77 21.13 21.92
KC 2.23 2.08 305.51 16.89 14.01

Average results for Abrasion test samples in different conditions

in Dry case for Kevlar and Carbon fabrics
Cycles P500 P1000 P1200
Fabric code Mass before (g) Mass after (g) % Fabric code Mass before (g) Mass af- % Fabric code Mass before (g) Mass after (g) %
25 S1 1 0.997 0.23 S4 1 0.998 0.16 S7 1 0.999 0.03
50 S2 1 0.996 0.36 S5 1 0.997 0.26 S8 1 0.998 0.13
75 S3 1 0.995 0.43 S6 1 0.996 0.33 S9 1 0.997 0.23
25 C1 1 0.996 0.33 C4 1 0.998 0.20 C7 1 0.998 0.16
50 C2 1 0.995 0.50 C5 1 0.9970 0.30 C8 1 0.9980 0.20
75 C3 1 0.994 0.56 C6 1 0.9963 0.36 C9 1 0.9967 0.33
with pure water case for Kevlar and Carbon fabrics
25 S10 1.829 1.82 0.60 S13 1.83 1.82 0.38 S16 1.828 1.826 0.1094
50 S11 1.829 1.82 0.77 S14 1.83 1.82 0.55 S17 1.828 1.824 0.22
75 S12 1.828 1.81 0.88 S15 1.83 1.82 0.66 S18 1.828 1.821 0.38
25 C10 1.682 1.67 0.77 C13 1.68 1.67 0.54 C16 1.682 1.679 0.18
50 C11 1.682 1.67 0.95 C14 1.68 1.67 0.71 C17 1.682 1.675 0.42
75 C12 1.682 1.66 1.07 C15 1.68 1.67 0.89 C18 1.682 1.672 0.59
sweat simulation case for Kevlar and Carbon fabrics
25 S19 1.841 1.829 0.6518 S22 1.841 1.833 0.4346 S25 1.841 1.837 0.2173
50 S20 1.839 1.824 0.8157 S23 1.841 1.829 0.6518 S26 1.840 1.834 0.3261
75 S21 1.841 1.823 0.9777 S24 1.841 1.827 0.7605 S27 1.841 1.832 0.4889
25 C19 1.698 1.683 0.8834 C22 1.698 1.688 0.5890 C25 1.698 1.693 0.2945
50 C20 1.698 1.681 1.0012 C23 1.697 1.684 0.7661 C26 1.698 1.689 0.5300
75 C21 1.698 1.679 1.1190 C24 1.698 1.682 0.9423 C27 1.698 1.686 0.7067
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Ingeniería, Ingeniería eléctrica, Electrónica, Ingeniería mecánica, Mecánica, Bioingeniería e ingeniería biomédica, Biomecánica, Ingeniería civil, Ingeniería ambiental
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