Acerca de este artículo
Article Category: Review
Publicado en línea: 26 dic 2023
Páginas: -
Recibido: 30 jun 2023
Aceptado: 07 sept 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aite-2024-0001
Palabras clave
© 2023 Karol Gostomczyk et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fig 1.
Fig 2.
The mechanisms and probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission
| Mechanism | Location in the body or transmission route | Transmission probability |
|---|---|---|
| ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protease | Heart, kidneys, tests, lungs, nasopharynx, smooth muscle cells, placenta | The risk of transmission is the highest during early pregnancy and decreases toward delivery |
| Perinatal transmission | Healthcare services and procedures | Extremely low risk of viral transmission |
| Breastfeeding | Breast milk | Extremely low risk of viral transmission |
| Sexual intercourse | Semen | Very low risk of viral transmission |
| NRP-1 | Hofbauer cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, Sertoli cells, placenta | This is the most likely route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission |
| Macrophages and monocytes | Various tissues – especially placental macrophages | Very high risk of viral transmission |
Pathologies and clinical manifestations
| Level of changes | Pathology | Clinical manifestation |
|---|---|---|
| Placental |
Venous thrombosis Hemodynamic changes Hypercoagulability Chronic histiocytic intervillositis Syncytiotrophoblast necrosis Fetal and maternal VM Massive perivillous fibrin deposition Lymphoplasmacytic deciduous Extravasation of erythrocytes Thrombosis of placental vessels Cholangitis |
Miscarriage Stillbirth Fetal growth restriction Early preeclampsia Neurosensory development delay CNS disorders FIRS |
| Systemic |
Cytokine storm Venous thrombosis Hemodynamic changes Hypercoagulability |