The effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate on malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione concentrations in the plasma, liver, and brain of normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic rats
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Parums DV. Editorial: The 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on the real-world prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Med Sci Monit 2021;27:e9351721–3. doi: 10.12659/MSM.935172ParumsDV. Editorial: The 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on the real-world prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). 2021;27:e9351721–3. doi:10.12659/MSM.935172Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC Jr, Virani SS, Williams KA Sr, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2019;140(11):e596-e646. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678ArnettDKBlumenthalRSAlbertMABurokerABGoldbergerZDHahnEJHimmelfarbCDKheraALloyd-JonesDMcEvoyJWMichosEDMiedemaMDMuñozDSmithSCJrViraniSSWilliamsKASrYeboahJZiaeianB. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2019;140(11):e596-e646. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bedi O, Dhawan V, Sharma PL, Kumar P. Pleiotropic effects of statins: new therapeutic targets in drug design. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016;389:695–712. doi: 10.1007/s00210-016-1252-4BediODhawanVSharmaPLKumarP. Pleiotropic effects of statins: new therapeutic targets in drug design. 2016;389:695–712. doi:10.1007/s00210-016-1252-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Botta M, Audano M, Sahebkar A, Sirtori CR, Mitro N, Ruscica M. PPAR agonists and metabolic syndrome: an established role? Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(4):1197. doi: 10.3390/ijms19041197BottaMAudanoMSahebkarASirtoriCRMitroNRuscicaM. PPAR agonists and metabolic syndrome: an established role?2018;19(4):1197. doi:10.3390/ijms19041197Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ali FY, Armstrong PC, Dhanji AR, Tucker AT, Paul-Clark MJ, Mitchell JA, Warner TD. Antiplatelet actions of statins and fibrates are mediated by PPARs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:706–11. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.183160AliFYArmstrongPCDhanjiARTuckerATPaul-ClarkMJMitchellJAWarnerTD. Antiplatelet actions of statins and fibrates are mediated by PPARs. 2009;29:706–11. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.183160Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sahebkar A, Serban MC, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Muntner P, Ursoniu S, Mosterou S, Glasser S, Martin SS, Jones SR, Rizzo M, Rysz J, Sniderman AD, Pencina MJ, Banach M; Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Head-to-head comparison of statins versus fibrates in reducing plasma fibrinogen concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2016;103:236–52. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.001SahebkarASerbanMCMikhailidisDPTothPPMuntnerPUrsoniuSMosterouSGlasserSMartinSSJonesSRRizzoMRyszJSnidermanADPencinaMJBanachMLipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Head-to-head comparison of statins versus fibrates in reducing plasma fibrinogen concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016;103:236–52. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Navarese EP, Buffon A, Andreotti F, Kozinski M, Welton N, Fabiszak T, Caputo S, Grzesk G, Kubica A, Swiatkiewicz I, Sukiennik A, Kelm M, De Servi S, Kubica J. Meta-analysis of impact of different types and doses of statins on new-onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:1123–30. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.12.037NavareseEPBuffonAAndreottiFKozinskiMWeltonNFabiszakTCaputoSGrzeskGKubicaASwiatkiewiczISukiennikAKelmMDe ServiSKubicaJ. Meta-analysis of impact of different types and doses of statins on new-onset diabetes mellitus. 2013;111:1123–30. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.12.037Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Okuyama H, Langsjoen PH, Hamazaki T, Ogushi Y, Hama R, Kobayashi T, Uchino H. Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015;8:189–99. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1011125OkuyamaHLangsjoenPHHamazakiTOgushiYHamaRKobayashiTUchinoH. Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms. 2015;8:189–99. doi:10.1586/17512433.2015.1011125Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Leitersdorf E, Fruchart JC. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation 1998;98:2088–93. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.98.19.2088StaelsBDallongevilleJAuwerxJSchoonjansKLeitersdorfEFruchartJC. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. 1998;98:2088–93. doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.19.2088Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Martin G, Duez H, Blanquart C, Berezowski V, Poulain P, Fruchart JC, Najib-Fruchart J, Glineur C, Staels B. Statin-induced inhibition of the Rho-signaling pathway activates PPARalpha and induces HDL apoA-I. J Clin Invest 2001;107:1423–32. doi: 10.1172/JCI10852MartinGDuezHBlanquartCBerezowskiVPoulainPFruchartJCNajib-FruchartJGlineurCStaelsB. Statin-induced inhibition of the Rho-signaling pathway activates PPARalpha and induces HDL apoA-I. 2001;107:1423–32. doi:10.1172/JCI10852Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wójtowicz S, Strosznajder AK, Jeżyna M, Strosznajder JB. The novel role of PPAR alpha in the brain: promising target in therapy of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Res 2020;45:972–88. doi: 10.1007/s11064-020-02993-5WójtowiczSStrosznajderAKJeżynaMStrosznajderJB. The novel role of PPAR alpha in the brain: promising target in therapy of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. 2020;45:972–88. doi:10.1007/s11064-020-02993-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hong K-S, Lee JS. Statins in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. J Stroke 2015;17:282–301. doi: 10.5853/jos.2015.17.3.282HongK-SLeeJS. Statins in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. 2015;17:282–301. doi:10.5853/jos.2015.17.3.282Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chataway J, Schuerer N, Alsanousi A, Chan D, MacManus D, Hunter K, Anderson V, Bangham CR, Clegg S, Nielsen C, Fox NC, Wilkie D, Nicholas JM, Calder VL, Greenwood J, Frost C, Nicholas R. Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2014;383:2213–21. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62242-4ChatawayJSchuererNAlsanousiAChanDMacManusDHunterKAndersonVBanghamCRCleggSNielsenCFoxNCWilkieDNicholasJMCalderVLGreenwoodJFrostCNicholasR. Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. 2014;383:2213–21. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62242-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lee Y-C, Lin C-H, Wu R-M, Lin M-S, Lin J-W, Chang C-H, Lai M-S. Discontinuation of statin therapy associates with Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Neurology 2013;81:410–6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829d873cLeeY-CLinC-HWuR-MLinM-SLinJ-WChangC-HLaiM-S. Discontinuation of statin therapy associates with Parkinson disease: a population-based study. 2013;81:410–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829d873cOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Shinohara M, Sato N, Shimamura M, Kurinami H, Hamasaki T, Chatterjee A, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Possible modification of Alzheimer’s disease by statins in midlife: interactions with genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2014;6:71. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00071ShinoharaMSatoNShimamuraMKurinamiHHamasakiTChatterjeeARakugiHMorishitaR. Possible modification of Alzheimer’s disease by statins in midlife: interactions with genetic and non-genetic risk factors. 2014;6:71. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00071Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Losey P, Ladds E, Laprais M, Guevel B, Burns L, Bordet R, Anthony DC. The role of PPAR activation during the systemic response to brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015;12:99. doi: 10.1186/s12974-015-0295-7LoseyPLaddsELapraisMGuevelBBurnsLBordetRAnthonyDC. The role of PPAR activation during the systemic response to brain injury. 2015;12:99. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0295-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Chen XR, Besson VC, Beziaud T, Plotkine M, Marchand-Leroux C. Combination therapy with fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, and simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, on experimental traumatic brain injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;326:966–74. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.140368ChenXRBessonVCBeziaudTPlotkineMMarchand-LerouxC. Combination therapy with fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, and simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, on experimental traumatic brain injury. 2008;326:966–74. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.140368Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Frijhoff J, Winyard PG, Zarkovic N, Davies SS, Stocker R, Cheng D Knight AR, Taylor EL, Oettrich J, Ruskovska T, Gasparovic AC, Cuadrado A, Weber D, Poulsen HE, Grune T, Schmidt HH, Ghezzi P. Clinical relevance of biomarkers of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015;23:1144–70. doi: 10.1089/ars.2015.6317FrijhoffJWinyardPGZarkovicNDaviesSSStockerRChengDKnightARTaylorELOettrichJRuskovskaTGasparovicACCuadradoAWeberDPoulsenHEGruneTSchmidtHHGhezziP. Clinical relevance of biomarkers of oxidative stress. 2015;23:1144–70. doi:10.1089/ars.2015.6317Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Aoyama K. Glutathione in the brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(9):5010. doi: 10.3390/ijms22095010AoyamaK. Glutathione in the brain. 2021;22(9):5010. doi:10.3390/ijms22095010Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lu SC. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2009;30:42–59. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.05.005LuSC. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. 2009;30:42–59. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2008.05.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Macan M, Vukšić A, Žunec S, Konjevoda P, Lovrić J, Kelava M, Štambuk N, Vrkić N, Bradamante V. Effects of simvastatin on malondialdehyde level and esterase activity in plasma and tissue of normolipidaemic rats. Pharmacol Rep 2015;67:907–13. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.005MacanMVukšićAŽunecSKonjevodaPLovrićJKelavaMŠtambukNVrkićNBradamanteV. Effects of simvastatin on malondialdehyde level and esterase activity in plasma and tissue of normolipidaemic rats. 2015;67:907–13. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mohamadin AM, Elberry AA, Abdel Gawad HS, Morsy GM, Al-Abbasi FA. Protective effects of simvastatin, a lipid lowering agent, against oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rats. J Lipids 2011;2011:167958. doi: 10.1155/2011/167958MohamadinAMElberryAAAbdel GawadHSMorsyGMAl-AbbasiFA. Protective effects of simvastatin, a lipid lowering agent, against oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rats. 2011;2011:167958. doi:10.1155/2011/167958Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zeng H, Liu Z. Atorvastatin induces hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats via oxidative stress, inflammation, and anti-apoptotic pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019;25:6165–73. doi: 10.12659/MSM.915790ZengHLiuZ. Atorvastatin induces hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats via oxidative stress, inflammation, and anti-apoptotic pathway. 2019;25:6165–73. doi:10.12659/MSM.915790Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bełtowski J, Wójcicka G, Mydlarczyk M, Jamroz A. The effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, fenofibrate, on lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, and plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity. J Physiol Pharmacol 2002;53:463–75. PMID: 12369742BełtowskiJWójcickaGMydlarczykMJamrozA. The effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, fenofibrate, on lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, and plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity. 2002;53:463–75. PMID: 12369742Search in Google Scholar
Macan M, Konjevoda P, Lovrić J, Koprivanac M, Kelava M, Vrkić N, Bradamante V. The influence of gemfibrozil on malondialdehyde level and paraoxonase 1 activity in Wistar and fisher rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011;108:428–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011. 00674.xMacanMKonjevodaPLovrićJKoprivanacMKelavaMVrkićNBradamanteV. The influence of gemfibrozil on malondialdehyde level and paraoxonase 1 activity in Wistar and fisher rats. 2011;108:428–35. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011. 00674.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ciriolo MR, Mavelli I, Rotilio G, Borzatta V, Cristofari M, Stanzani L. Decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in liver of rats treated with hypolipidaemic drugs. FEBS Lett 1982;144:264–8. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80651-0CirioloMRMavelliIRotilioGBorzattaVCristofariMStanzaniL. Decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in liver of rats treated with hypolipidaemic drugs. 1982;144:264–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(82)80651-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ciriolo MR, Rossi L, Mavelli I, Rotilio G, Borzatta V, Cristofori M, Barbanti M. The effects of hypolipidaemic agents derived from procetofenic acid on the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and on malonyl dialdehyde production of rat liver. Arzneimittelforschung 1984;34:465–7. PMID: 6540105CirioloMRRossiLMavelliIRotilioGBorzattaVCristoforiMBarbantiM. The effects of hypolipidaemic agents derived from procetofenic acid on the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and on malonyl dialdehyde production of rat liver. 1984;34:465–7. PMID: 6540105Search in Google Scholar
Abdoli N, Heidari R, Azarmi Y, Eghbal MA. Mechanisms of the statins cytotoxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013;27:287–94. doi: 10.1002/jbt.21485AbdoliNHeidariRAzarmiYEghbalMA. Mechanisms of the statins cytotoxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. 2013;27:287–94. doi:10.1002/jbt.21485Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Eghbal MA, Abdoli N, Azarmi Y. Efficiency of hepatocyte pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 against statin toxicity. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2014;65:101–8. doi: 10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2398EghbalMAAbdoliNAzarmiY. Efficiency of hepatocyte pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 against statin toxicity. 2014;65:101–8. doi:10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2398Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Yaribeygi H, Mohammadi MT, Rezaee R, Sahebkar A. Fenofibrate improves renal function by amelioration of NOX-4, IL-18, and p53 expression in an experimental model of diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Biochem 2018;119:7458–69. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27055YaribeygiHMohammadiMTRezaeeRSahebkarA. Fenofibrate improves renal function by amelioration of NOX-4, IL-18, and p53 expression in an experimental model of diabetic nephropathy. 2018;119:7458–69. doi:10.1002/jcb.27055Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wood WG, Eckert GP, Igbavboa U, Müller WE. Statins and neuroprotection: a prescription to move the field forward. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1199:69–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05359.xWoodWGEckertGPIgbavboaUMüllerWE. Statins and neuroprotection: a prescription to move the field forward. 2010;1199:69–76. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05359.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Deplanque D, Gelé P, Pétrault O, Six I, Furman C, Bouly M, Nion S, Dupuis B, Leys D, Fruchart JC, Cecchelli R, Staels B, Duriez P, Bordet R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation as a mechanism of preventive neuroprotection induced by chronic fenofibrate treatment. J Neurosci 2003;23:6264–71. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06264.2003DeplanqueDGeléPPétraultOSixIFurmanCBoulyMNionSDupuisBLeysDFruchartJCCecchelliRStaelsBDuriezPBordetR. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation as a mechanism of preventive neuroprotection induced by chronic fenofibrate treatment. 2003;23:6264–71. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06264.2003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Balakumar P, Varatharajan R, Nyo YH, Renushia R, Raaginey D, Oh AN, Akhtar SS, Rupeshkumar M, Sundram K, Dhanaraj SA. Fenofibrate and dipyridamole treatments in low-doses either alone or in combination blunted the development of nephropathy in diabetic rats. Pharmacol Res 2014;90:36–47. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.08.008BalakumarPVaratharajanRNyoYHRenushiaRRaagineyDOhANAkhtarSSRupeshkumarMSundramKDhanarajSA. Fenofibrate and dipyridamole treatments in low-doses either alone or in combination blunted the development of nephropathy in diabetic rats. 2014;90:36–47. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2014.08.008Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Fatani SH, Naderaralli EK, Panchiani S, Shah F, Wong C. The effects of dietary obesity on protein expressions of insulin signalling pathway in rat aorta. Drug Discov Ther 2008;2:256–61. PMID: 22504637FataniSHNaderaralliEKPanchianiSShahFWongC. The effects of dietary obesity on protein expressions of insulin signalling pathway in rat aorta. 2008;2:256–61. PMID: 22504637Search in Google Scholar
Nezić L, Skrbić R, Dobrić S, Stojiljković MP, Jaćević V, Stoisavljević Satara S, Milovanović ZA, Stojaković N. Simvastatin and indomethacin have similar anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model of acute local inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009;104:185–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00302.xNezićLSkrbićRDobrićSStojiljkovićMPJaćevićVStoisavljević SataraSMilovanovićZAStojakovićN. Simvastatin and indomethacin have similar anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model of acute local inflammation. 2009;104:185–91. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00302.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Simsek Ozek N, Burak Bal I, Yildirim S, Rustu Inur, Severcan F. Structural and functional characterization of simvastatin-induced myotoxicity in different skeletal muscles. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014;1840:406–14. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.010Simsek OzekNBurak BalIYildirimSRustu InurSevercan F.Structural and functional characterization of simvastatin-induced myotoxicity in different skeletal muscles. 2014;1840:406–14. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.010Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Pravilnik o zaštiti životinja koje se koriste u znanstvene svrhe [Regulation of the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, in Croatian]. Narodne novine 55/2013.Pravilnik o zaštiti životinja koje se koriste u znanstvene svrhe [Regulation of the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, in Croatian]. 55/2013.Search in Google Scholar
Guillen J. FELASA guidelines and recommendations. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2012;51:311–21. PMCID: PMC3358979GuillenJ. FELASA guidelines and recommendations. 2012;51:311–21. PMCID: PMC3358979Search in Google Scholar
Drury JA, Nycyk JA, Cooke RW. Comparison of urinary and plasma malondialdehyde in preterm infants. Clin Chim Acta 1997;263:177–85. doi: 10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00051-xDruryJANycykJACookeRW. Comparison of urinary and plasma malondialdehyde in preterm infants. 1997;263:177–85. doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00051-xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ellman GL. A colorimetric method for determining low concentrations of mercaptans. Arch Biochem Biophys 1958;74:443–50. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(58)90014-6EllmanGL. A colorimetric method for determining low concentrations of mercaptans. 1958;74:443–50. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(58)90014-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rowe P. Essential Statistics for the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Chichester: Wiley; 2007. ISBN: 9780470034682RoweP. . Chichester: Wiley; 2007. ISBN: 9780470034682Search in Google Scholar
Bełtowski J, Wójcicka G, Mydlarczyk M, Jamroz A. Cerivastatin modulates plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase activity and oxidant-antioxidant balance in the rat. Pol J Pharmacol 2002;54:143–50. PMID: 12139111BełtowskiJWójcickaGMydlarczykMJamrozA. Cerivastatin modulates plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase activity and oxidant-antioxidant balance in the rat. 2002;54:143–50. PMID: 12139111Search in Google Scholar
Liang H, Feng Y, Cui R, Qiu M, Zhang J, Liu C. Simvastatin protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;98:916–24. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha. 2017.12076LiangHFengYCuiRQiuMZhangJLiuC. Simvastatin protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. 2018;98:916–24. doi:10.1016/j.biopha. 2017.12076Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhang F, Sun D, Chen J, Guan N, Huo X, Xi H. Simvastatin attenuates angiotensin II-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in human mesangial cells. Mol Med Rep 2015;11:1246–51. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014-2871ZhangFSunDChenJGuanNHuoXXiH. Simvastatin attenuates angiotensin II-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in human mesangial cells. 2015;11:1246–51. doi:10.3892/mmr.2014-2871Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zinellu A, Mangoni AA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statins on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021;10(11):1841. doi: 10.3390/antiox10111841ZinelluAMangoniAA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statins on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. 2021;10(11):1841. doi:10.3390/antiox10111841Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Verma K, Makwana S, Paliwal S, Paliwal V, Jain S, Paliwal S, Sharma S. Simvastatin ameliorates oxidative stress levels in HepG2 cells and hyperlipidaemic rats. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2022;3:100088. doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100088VermaKMakwanaSPaliwalSPaliwalVJainSPaliwalSSharmaS. Simvastatin ameliorates oxidative stress levels in HepG2 cells and hyperlipidaemic rats. 2022;3:100088. doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100088Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wahba MGF, Messiha BAS, Abo-Saif AA. Protective effects of fenofibrate and resveratrol in an aggressive model of rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Pharm Biol 2016;54:1705–15. doi: 10.3109/13880209. 2015.1125931WahbaMGFMessihaBASAbo-SaifAA. Protective effects of fenofibrate and resveratrol in an aggressive model of rheumatoid arthritis in rats. 2016;54:1705–15. doi:10.3109/13880209. 2015.1125931Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Aberg F, Appelkvist EL. Clofibrate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increase ubiquinone contents without affecting cholesterol levels. Acta Biochim Pol 1994;41:321–9. PMID: 7856403AbergFAppelkvistEL. Clofibrate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increase ubiquinone contents without affecting cholesterol levels. 1994;41:321–9. PMID: 7856403Search in Google Scholar
Arnaiz LS, Travacio M, Monserrat AJ, Cutrín JC, Llesuy S, Boveris A. Chemiluminescence and antioxidant levels during peroxisome proliferation by fenofibrate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1360:222–8. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00004-5ArnaizLSTravacioMMonserratAJCutrínJCLlesuySBoverisA. Chemiluminescence and antioxidant levels during peroxisome proliferation by fenofibrate. 1997;1360:222–8. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00004-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tkác I, Molcányiová A, Javorský M, Kozárová M. Fenofibrate treatment reduces circulating conjugated diene level and increases glutathione peroxidase activity. Pharmacol Res 2006;53:261–4. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.12.002TkácIMolcányiováAJavorskýMKozárováM. Fenofibrate treatment reduces circulating conjugated diene level and increases glutathione peroxidase activity. 2006;53:261–4. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.12.002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jiao H-L, Zhao B-L. Cytotoxic effect of peroxisome proliferator fenofibrate on human HepG2 hepatoma cell line and relevant mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002;185:172–9. doi: 10.1006/taap.2002.9538JiaoH-LZhaoB-L. Cytotoxic effect of peroxisome proliferator fenofibrate on human HepG2 hepatoma cell line and relevant mechanisms. 2002;185:172–9. doi:10.1006/taap.2002.9538Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Shore LJ, Fenselau C, King AR, Dickinson RG. Characterization and formation of the glutathione conjugate of clofibric acid. Drug Metab Dispos 1995;23:119–23. PMID: 7720514ShoreLJFenselauCKingARDickinsonRG. Characterization and formation of the glutathione conjugate of clofibric acid. 1995;23:119–23. PMID: 7720514Search in Google Scholar
Sun B, Xie Y, Jiang J, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhao C, Huang F. Pleiotropic effects of fenofibrate therapy on rats with hypertriglycemia. Lipids Health Dis 2015;14:27. doi: 10.1186/s12944-015-0032-3SunBXieYJiangJWangYXuXZhaoCHuangF. Pleiotropic effects of fenofibrate therapy on rats with hypertriglycemia. 2015;14:27. doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0032-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar