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Human health risk assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury co-exposure from agricultural soils in the Tuzla Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina)


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Figure 1

Locations of the sampling sites in the Tuzla Canton
Locations of the sampling sites in the Tuzla Canton

Figure 2

Hazard indices for Pb by Scenarios 1 (men), 2 (women), and 3 (children)
Hazard indices for Pb by Scenarios 1 (men), 2 (women), and 3 (children)

Figure 3

Hazard indices for Cd by Scenarios 1 (men), 2 (women), and 3 (children)
Hazard indices for Cd by Scenarios 1 (men), 2 (women), and 3 (children)

Figure 4

Hazard indices for Hg by Scenarios 1 (men), 2 (women), and 3 (children)
Hazard indices for Hg by Scenarios 1 (men), 2 (women), and 3 (children)

Heavy metal levels (mg/kg) and corresponding permitted limit values (PLVs) for sandy agricultural soils

Sampling site Mean ± SD (mg/kg)*
Pb Cd Hg
1 129.75±23.93 0.15±0.05 0.11±0.01
2 69.58±15.69 0.23±0.09 0.08±0.02
3 92.47±8.45 1.61±0.97 1.14±0.59
4 34.53±7.46 0.77±0.58 0.20±0.13
5 44.67±10.09 0.39±0.07 0.06±0.02
6 400.64±284.62 1.03±0.88 0.09±0.02
7 376.67±72.54 0.15±0.02 0.22±0.12
8 48.56±13.94 0.33±0.12 0.06±0.02
9 96.14±27.92 0.16±0.03 0.09±0.08
10 93.94±4.32 0.09±0.02 0.05±0.02
11 98.64±13.57 0.14±0.05 0.08±0.04
12 159.75±18.98 0.31±0.04 0.09±0.05
13 101.78±14.47 0.18±0.06 0.08±0.04
14 440.87±72.83 0.22±0.11 0.11±0.03
15 301.22±66.37 0.07±0.02 0.08±0.02
16 1724.45±854.87 0.29±0.05 0.29±0.11
17 61.89±15.09 0.53±0.03 0.25±0.03
18 51.14±4.19 1.67±0.11 0.57±0.02
19 154.00±7.99 0.21±0.04 0.05±0.01
20 45.69±9.05 0.18±0.01 0.10±0.03
21 118.86±3.36 0.38±0.02 0.08±0.04
22 44.69±7.41 0.09±0.01 0.05±0.02
23 28.81±3.28 1.12±0.10 0.14±0.01
24 16.86±3.63 2.45±0.18 0.18±0.05
25 143.55±6.90 0.68±0.05 0.08±0.01
26 75.39±7.12 2.99±0.31 1.55±1.12
27 143.92±28.74 0.51±0.07 0.13±0.01
28 33.5±4.41 1.36±0.15 0.16±0.01
29 35.81±5.45 1.35±0.08 0.20±0.01
Maximum permitted limit value (mg/kg)
PLV 50.00 0.50 0.50

Comparison of soil heavy metal levels in the Tuzla Canton across studies

Pb (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Hg (mg/kg) Year of soil sampling References
Min Max Min Max Min Max
18.00 24.00 0.20 0.40 N/A N/A 2005 29
N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.23 65.5 2004 30
8.02 26.01 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2018 9
22.60 41.04 1.29 2.43 N/A N/A 2017 31
17.20 36.09 0.00 1.86 0.00 27.35 2013 32
N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 3864.00 2013 33
14.14 190.82 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 34
18.00 92.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 35
14.33 2784.00 0.05 3.67 0.03 2.73 2016-2017 This study

Deterministic non-cancer risk due to Pb, Cd, and Hg exposure through soil

Heavy metal Oral intake (mg/kg/day) Oral risk (unitless) Dermal intake (mg/kg/day) Dermal risk (unitless) Inhalation intake (mg/kg/day) Inhalation risk (unitless)
Pb Adult men (Scenario 1)
2.06E-04 5.90E-02 8.24E-07 1.57E-03 3.04E-08 8.67-E06
Adult women (Scenario 2)
2.73E-04 7.79E-02 1.09E-06 2.07E-03 4.01E-08 1.15E-02
Children (Scenario 3)
6.03E-01 4.29E-02 5.91E-06 1.13E-02 1.55E-07 4.43E-05
Cd Adult men (Scenario 1)
7.84E-07 7.84E-04 3.13E-09 3.13E-04 1.15E-10 1.15E-07
Adult women (Scenario 2)
1.04E-06 1.04E-03 4.13E-09 4.13E-04 1.52E-10 1,52E-07
Children (Scenario 3)
8.01E-06 8.01E-03 2.24E-08 2.24E-03 5.89E-10 5.89E-07
Hg Adult men (Scenario 1)
2.55E-07 8.49E-04 1.02E-09 4.84E-05 3.74E-11 4.37E-07
Adult women (Scenario 2)
3.36E-07 1.12E-03 1.34E-09 6.39E-05 4.95E-11 5.77E-07
Children (Scenario 3)
2.60E-06 8.68E-03 7.29E-09 3.47E-04 1.91E-10 2.23E-06

Summary of health risk assessment for three exposure scenarios based on the Monte Carlo simulation.

Scenario Concentration HI (unitless) Cancer risk
Pb Cd Hg Total (Cd, unitless)
1 Mean 6.68E-02 1.14E-03 8.67E-04 6.88E-02 3.11E-10
75th percentile 5.66E-02 1.28E-03 8.46E-04 5.87E-02 5.15E-10
95th percentile 2.09E-01 4.08E-03 2.53E-03 2.16E-01 1.16E-09
Max 1.86E+01 3.46E-02 6.43E-02 1.87E+01 1.69E-09
2 Mean 8.07E-02 1.48E-03 1.19E-03 8.34E-02 4.11E-10
75th percentile 7.24E-02 1.68E-03 1.13E-03 7.52E-02 6.80E-10
95th percentile 2.46E-01 5.27E-03 3.57E-03 2.55E-01 1.53E-09
Max 1.17E+01 2.99E-02 2.99E-01 1.2E+01 2.23E-09
3 Mean 7.64E-01 1.18E-02 1.00E-02 7.86E-01 3.18E-10
75th percentile 6.07E-01 1.28E-02 9.50E-03 6.29E-01 5.27E-10
95th percentile 2.24E+00 4.21E-02 3.22E-02 2.31E+00 1.18E-09
Max 2.19E+02 6.28E-01 1.24E+00 2.21E+02 1.73E-09

Input parameters for exposure assessment

Exposure parameters Description Values References
BW Average body weight* (kg) 82.78 for adult males Unpublished data**
62.66 for adult females
16.20 for children
EF Exposure frequency (day/year) 350 (41)
CF Conversion factor (kg/mg) 10-6 (43)
ED Exposure duration (years) 30 for adults (41)
6 for children
SA Skin surface area available for exposure (cm2) 5700 for adults (41)
2800 for children
AT Average time EDx365 for non-carcinogenic 25550 for carcinogenic risk (43, 69, 70)
SAF Soil to skin adherence factor (mg/cm2) 0.07 for adults (41)
0.2 for children
IngR Ingestion rate (mg/day) 100 for adults (41)
200 for children
InhR Inhalation rate (m3/day) 20 (41)
PEF Soil to air particulate emission factor (m3/kg) 1.36 x 109 (41)
ABSderm Dermal absorption factor (unitless) 0.001 (for all metals) (69, 70)
RfDo Pb (mg/kg/day) 3.50E-03 (41)
Cd (mg/kg/day) 1.00E-03
Hg (mg/kg/day) 3.00E-04
RfDABS Pb (mg/kg/day) 5.25E-04 (41)
Cd (mg/kg/day) 1.00E-05
Hg (mg/kg/day) 2.10E-05
RfDi Hg (mg/kg/day) 8.57E-05 (49)
CSF Cd (mg/kg/day) 6.30E-00 (71)

Hazard indices for Pb, Cd, and Hg and Cd cancer risk due to exposure of adult and children populations through soil in the Tuzla Canton

Scenario HI Cancer risk (Cd, unitless)
Pb Cd Hg Total
Adult men (Scenario 1) 6.06E-02 1.10E-03 8.98E-04 6.26E-02 3.11E-10
Adult women (Scenario 2) 8.00E-02 1.45E-03 1.19E-03 8.26E-02 4.11E-10
Children (Scenario 3) 6.14E-01 1.03E-02 9.03E-03 7.26E-01 3.18E-10
eISSN:
1848-6312
Idiomas:
Inglés, Slovenian
Calendario de la edición:
4 veces al año
Temas de la revista:
Medicine, Basic Medical Science, other