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Figure 1

Overview of occupational and environmental stressors associated with male infertility
Overview of occupational and environmental stressors associated with male infertility

Types of biochemical, cytological, genetic, and epigenetic disorders in male infertility after occupational and environmental exposure to stressors

Disorder Occupational exposure References Environmental exposure References
Hormonal Testosterone ↓ (24, 33, 35) Testosterone ↓ Oestradiol↓ Aromatase ↓ Gonadotropins↑ Aromatase↑ Leptin↑ (38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 58, 115, 116, 119, 120)
Sperm Sperm motility ↓ Apoptosis ↑ ROS generation Sperm count ↓ Asthenozoospermia Necrozoospermia Oligozoospermia Sperm immaturity↑ (14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 35) Sperm count ↓ Sperm motility ↓ Abnormal morphology ↑ Oligozoospermia Asthenozoospermia Azoospermia Apoptosis↑ (6, 7, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 46, 47, 55, 56, 58, 59, 63, 64, 107, 108, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124)
Mitochondrial mitochondria Disturbances functionality in (121, 125, 126)
DNA DNA fragmentation Genome damage Disomy X ↑ Disomy Y ↑ Hyperhaploidy (14, 15, 23, 35) XY18 disomy Disomy of chromosome 13 Disrupted DNA integrity Sex chromosome aneuploidy Deletions in AZF region Sex chromosome disomy DNA damage DNA fragmentation (11, 24, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 58, 59, 119, 120, 121)
DNA methylation Sperm LINE-1 hydroxymethylation DNA hydroxymethylation partially dependent on trimethylation of H3 in human spermatogenesis (36, 37, 38) Hypermethylation of LINE-1 and hypomethylation of P16 gene (10)
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1848-6312
Idiomas:
Inglés, Slovenian
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4 veces al año
Temas de la revista:
Medicine, Basic Medical Science, other