Environmental and occupational exposures associated with male infertility
, y | 28 jun 2021
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Article Category: Review
Publicado en línea: 28 jun 2021
Páginas: 101 - 113
Recibido: 01 nov 2020
Aceptado: 01 may 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3510
© 2021 Tihana Marić, Aleksandra Fučić, Anna Aghayanian, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
Types of biochemical, cytological, genetic, and epigenetic disorders in male infertility after occupational and environmental exposure to stressors
| Disorder | Occupational exposure | References | Environmental exposure | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hormonal | Testosterone ↓ | ( |
Testosterone ↓ Oestradiol↓ Aromatase ↓ Gonadotropins↑ Aromatase↑ Leptin↑ | ( |
| Sperm | Sperm motility ↓ Apoptosis ↑ ROS generation Sperm count ↓ Asthenozoospermia Necrozoospermia Oligozoospermia Sperm immaturity↑ | ( |
Sperm count ↓ Sperm motility ↓ Abnormal morphology ↑ Oligozoospermia Asthenozoospermia Azoospermia Apoptosis↑ | ( |
| Mitochondrial | – | – | mitochondria Disturbances functionality in | ( |
| DNA | DNA fragmentation Genome damage Disomy X ↑ Disomy Y ↑ Hyperhaploidy | ( |
XY18 disomy Disomy of chromosome 13 Disrupted DNA integrity Sex chromosome aneuploidy Deletions in AZF region Sex chromosome disomy DNA damage DNA fragmentation | ( |
| DNA methylation | Sperm LINE-1 hydroxymethylation DNA hydroxymethylation partially dependent on trimethylation of H3 in human spermatogenesis | ( |
Hypermethylation of LINE-1 and hypomethylation of |
( |