Phosphogypsum and its potential use in Croatia: challenges and opportunities
, , , y | 28 jun 2021
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Article Category: Review
Publicado en línea: 28 jun 2021
Páginas: 93 - 100
Recibido: 01 nov 2020
Aceptado: 01 may 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3504
© 2021 Tomislav Bituh, Branko Petrinec, Božena Skoko, Dinko Babić, Davor Rašeta, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
Dose criterion for activity concentration index for different products
| Dose criterion | 0.3 mSv/year | 1 mSv/year |
|---|---|---|
| Materials used in bulk: concrete | I≤0.5 | I≤1 |
| Superficial and other materials with restricted use: tiles, boards etc. | I≤2 | I≤6 |
Comparison of average activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in phosphogypsum between Croatia and other countries (ranges in parentheses)
| Country | 226Ra (Bq/kg) | 232Th (Bq/kg) | 40K (Bq/kg) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia | 811 (473–1626) | 8 (3–15) | 13 (7–23) | ( |
| Belgium | 431 (420–442) | 11 (10–11) | ( |
|
| Bulgaria | 209 (18–400) | 17 (9–25) | 3 (1–5) | |
| Czech Republic | 115 | 31 | 95 | |
| Finland | 306 (24–830) | 23 (3–118) | 17 (9–30) | |
| Germany | 305 (60–550) | 20 (20–20) | 110 | |
| Greece The Netherlands | 606 (547–642) 223 (28–450) | 10 (2–19) 24 (9–48) | 22 (0–41) 50 (16–120) | |
| Poland | 267 (61–381) | 17 (7–28) | 72 (41–109) | |
| Romania | 497 (155–702) | 40 (9–89) | 242 (44–569) | |
| Slovenia | 500 | 10 | 41 | |
| Serbia | 600 (488–737) | 3 (2–5) | 47 (5–117) | |
| United Kingdom | 1018 (629–1406) | 33 (19–48) | 130 (41–218) | |
| USA | 750 (270–1353) | 1 | 14 | ( |
Typical element concentration ranges in PG from different countries compared to Croatian PG
| Trace element | Concentration range (mg/kg) | Trace element | Concentration range (mg/kg) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worldwide data (3) | Croatian PG | Worldwide data (3) | Croatian PG | ||
| Ag | 0.4–5 | Na | 0.008–0.010 | ||
| Al | 0.04–0.1 | Nd | 30–67 | ||
| As | 1–42 | <0.05 | Ni | 1.7–250 | <1 |
| Ba | 20–236 | 5 | Pb | 0.5–16 | <1 |
| Cd | 0.8–40 | 0.002 | Sb | <0.05 | |
| Ce | 21–143 | Se | 0.5–75 | <0.05 | |
| Co | 0.05–2.3 | Sm | 5–13 | ||
| Cr | 1.6–75 | <0.5 | Sr | 10–1118 | |
| Cu | 2–195 | <0.5 | Th | 0.4–4 | |
| Eu | 1.1–3 | Ti | 26–470 | ||
| Fe | 90–450 | U | 0.5–13.8 | ||
| Hg | 0.005–10 | 0.02 | V | 2–40 | |
| La | 42–90 | Y | 2–156 | ||
| Lu | 0.3–0.4 | Yb | 2.1–3.2 | ||
| Mn | 3.5–20 | Zn | 4–315 | 3.23 | |
| Mo | 1–16 | Zr | 10–110 | ||