Formulation Options for Mucoadhesive Dosage Forms for Use in the Oral Cavity
, , y | 13 sept 2023
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Article Category: Special Issue Article
Publicado en línea: 13 sept 2023
Páginas: 44 - 51
Recibido: 22 jun 2023
Aceptado: 23 jun 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2023-0012
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© 2023 V. Šimunková et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Mucoadhesive polymers used in mucoadhesive buccal film formulations identified in the literaturea
| Methyl cellulose (MC) | Cetylpyridinium chloride, carvedilol, omeprazole, nebivolol | Propylene glycol, PEG-400 |
| Ethyl cellulose (EC) | Allantoin, fluticasone propionate, propranolol hydrochloride, ketorolac tromethamine, resveratrol, propranolol hydrochloride & nifedipine | PEG-400, triethyl citrate, propylene glycol, PEG-800, PEG-600, castor oil, glycerol, dibutylphthalate |
| Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) | Cetylpyridinium chloride, carvedilol, omeprazole, allantoin, fluticasone propionate, propranolol hydrochloride, ketorolac tromethamine, enalapril maleate, glibenclamide, cetirizine dihydrochloride, glimepiride, nitrendipine, clotrimazole, lidocaine hydrochloride, ibuprofen, ondansetron hydrochloride, meloxicam, prednisolone, rizatriptan benzoate, lycopene, risedronate sodium, clinidipine, furosemide, domperidone, catechin, lidocaine hydrochloride & benzydamine hydrochloride & |
Propylene glycol, PEG-400, triethyl citrate, PEG-800, PEG-600, castor oil glycerol, PEG-3350, triethanolamine, sorbitol, PEG-200 |
| Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) | Ketorolac tromethamine, resveratrol, nitrendipine, clotrimazole, lidocaine hydrochloride, diltiazem hydrochloride, indomethacin, lycopene | Propylene glycol, PEG-400, glycerol, PEG-3350 |
| Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) | Cetylpyridinium chloride, allantoin, propranolol hydrochloride, meloxicam, moxifloxacin hydrochloride & clove oil, acyclovir, hyaluronic acid, nebivolol | PEG-400, triethyl citrate, PEG-600, castor oil, glycerol propylene glycol |
| Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, SCMC) | Allantoin, fluticasone propionate, ketorolac tromethamine, enalapril maleate, nitrendipine, ibuprofen, meloxicam, diltiazem hydrochloride, lysozyme, rizatriptan benzoate, ciprofloxacin, glipizide, carvedilol, lycopene, lidocaine hydrochloride & benzydamine hydrochloride & |
PEG-400, triethyl citrate, propylene glycol, PEG-800, glycerol, triethanolamine, sorbitol |
| Xyloglucan (XYL) | Rizatriptan benzoate | Glycerol |
| Polycarbophil (PCP) | Lidocaine hydrochloride, ibuprofen | Glycerol, PEG-3350, triethanolamine, propylene glycol |
| Polyethylene oxide (PEO) | Lidocaine hydrochloride, streptomycin & diclofenac, rizatriptan benzoate, domperidone | PEG-3350, glycerol |
| Poloxamer (POL) | Glimepiride, ibuprofen, methylene blue | Propylene glycol, PEG-600, glycerol |
| Polyacrylic acid (PAA) | Carvedilol, fluticasone propionate, ketorolac, tromethamine, glimepiride, nitrendipine, clotrimazole, ibuprofen, rizatriptan benzoate, atenolol, prednisolone, lycopene, piroxicam, glipizide | Propylene glycol, PEG-800, glycerol, triethanolamine, PEG-400 |
| Polymethacrylic acid (PMA) | Carvedilol, glibenclamide, glimepiride, clotrimazole, ibuprofen, acyclovir, penciclovir, almotriptan, prednisolone, glipizide, rizatriptan benzoate | Propylene glycol, triethanolamine, PEG-400, PEG-200 |
| Chitosan (CHT) | Cetylpyridinium chloride, fluticasone propionate, propranolol hydrochloride & nifedipine, propranolol hydrochloride, ondansetron hydrochloride, tenoxicam, tramadol, progesterone, insulin, lidocaine hydrochloride, clotrimazole, paracetamol, metronidazole, miconazole nitrate, risedronate sodium, lidocaine hydrochloride & benzydamine hydrochloride & |
Propylene glycol, PEG-800, glycerol, dibutylphthalate, PEG-400, sorbitol |
| Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | Cetylpyridinium chloride, nitrendipine, meloxicam, methylene blue, benznidazole, dexamethasone, paracetamol, rizatriptan benzoate, carvedilol, propranolol hydrochloride, allantoin, propranolol | Glycerol, PEG-400, propylene glycol, sorbitol, triethyl citrate, PEG-600, castor oil |
| Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | Hydrochloride, ketorolac tromethamine, enalapril maleate, nitrendipine, ibuprofen, methylene blue, penciclovir, ondansetron hydrochloride, tenoxicam, tramadol, progesterone, lysine clonixinate, carvedilol, lycopene, simvastatin, ropinirole hydrochloride, epidermal growth factor & lysozyme | Glycerol, triethanolamine, propylene glycol |
| Gelatin (GEL) | Ondansetron hydrochloride, lysozyme, progesterone, propranolol hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride | Glycerol |
| Sodium alginate (SA) | Cetylpyridinium chloride, omeprazole, cetirizine dihydrochloride, nitrendipine, ciprofloxacin, atenolol, nicotine, carvedilol, lycopene | PEG-400, glycerol, propylene glycol |
| Gellan gum (GLG) | Moxifloxacin hydrochloride & clove oil, triamcinolone, acetonide, fluconazole | Glycerol, propylene glycol |
| Guar gum (GUG) | Lysine clonixinate, zolmitriptan succinate, α-casozepine | Propylene glycol, glycerol |
| Xanthan gum (XG) | Domperidone | Not stated |
| Carrageenan (CRG) | Omeprazole, streptomycin & diclofenac, ibuprofen, miconazole nitrate | PEG-400, glycerol, PEG-600, propylene glycol |
| Pectin (PCT) | Meloxicam, clotrimazole, paracetamol, metronidazole, triamcinolone acetonide | PEG-400, glycerol propylene glycol |
| Hyaluronic acid (HA) | Ondansetron hydrochloride, hyaluronic acid, benzydamine hydrochloride | PEG-400, glycerol |
| Rice starch (RS) | Lidocaine hydrochloride, diclofenac sodium, paracetamol | Glycerol, PEG-400, propylene glycol, sorbitol |
| Tapioca starch (TS) | Lidocaine hydrochloride | Glycerol |
| Arrowroot starch (AS) | Glipizide | Glycerol |
| Agarose (AGR) | Zolmitriptan succinate | Glycerol |
| Pullulan (PLL) | Enalapril maleate, yonkenafil, methylene blue | Glycerol, propylene glycol |
| Maltodextrin (MAL) | Methylene blue | Propylene glycol |
Various techniques used to produce mucoadhesive buccal films (Shipp et al., 2022).
| Solvent casting | Simple, reproducible, and established process; industrial solvent casting offers better control over film thickness and polymer concentrations | Drug recrystallization after production; changes in film mechanical properties due to plasticizing small molecules; difficult to achieve dose uniformity; potential for entrapped air bubbles; lack of control over film thickness and polymer concentration |
| Hot melt extrusion | Solventless, continuous process, with fewer operations and better content uniformity than solvent casting; ability to incorporate poorly soluble drugs | Drug recrystallization after production; swelling of film after leaving the die; limited and specialist excipients required; agglomeration of ingredients; weight variations due to improper flow, problems with chemical stability; not suitable for thermosensitive drugs |
| Inkjet printing | Recrystallization prevented by depositing API onto the film, rather than building API in; mechanical properties of drug-free film retained; able to precisely deposit small volumes of liquids; ability to personalize treatment | Requires another process to make the film deposit drug substances onto; primarily applicable where a low dose of active substance is required; nozzle blockage may lead to inaccurate printed dosages |
| 3D printing | Continuous process capability, with personalized treatment; compartmentalization can prevent incompatible excipient interactions; increases precision of manufacture; thermosensitive drugs can be used with high loading capacity | FDM (fused deposition modelling) filament production by HME (hot melt extrusion) has the same challenges; drying in SSE (semi-solid extrusion) may alter the dimensions of printed objects; only small-scale, nonreproducible manufacture possible; barriers to clinical adoption for this emerging technology |