Assessment of Environmental Risks from Pollution by Toxic Emissions in Heat Treatment Process of Electrode Production

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Meteorological characteristics and coefficients determining the conditions of dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere of the city of Zaporizhzhia

The name of the characteristic	Value
Coefficient A, which depends on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere	200
The average maximum outdoor air temperature of the coldest month of the year, °C	-4.2
The average maximum outdoor air temperature of the hottest month of the year, °C	+ 33.2
Mid-year wind rose, % NorthNorth-EastEastThe South-EastSouthSouth-WestWesternNorth-West	17.214.011.712.512.010.411.211.0
Wind speed (w), the repeatability of which is exceeded by 5%, m/s	10-11

Risks of developing carcinogenic effects

Residential Area Boundary	Carcinogenic Risk SF, mg/(kg·day)	Single carcinogenic risk UR, mg/m3	Average Annual Concentration Ci, mg/m3	Critical Organs/Systems	Individual Effect Development Risk ICR	Risk Level
Benzo(a)pyrene
50-32-8	3.1	0.002214	0.00000257	-	5.69-9	Acceptable
Benzene
71-43-2	0.027	1.93-5	0.00025415	CM, K, CNS	4.91-9	Acceptable
Lead and its compounds in terms of lead
7439-92-1	0.042	3.0-5	0.00000015	CM, K, CNS	4.50-12	Acceptable
Chromium and its compounds in terms of chromium trioxide
18540-29-9	42	0.03	0.00000101	RO	3.03-8	Acceptable

Risks of developing non-carcinogenic effects

Boundary of Residential Area	Reference (Safe) Concentration (RfCi), mg/m3	Average Annual Concentration (Ci), mg/m3	Critical Organs/Systems	Hazard Quotient (HQ)	Criteria for Non-carcinogenic Risk
Suspended substances
TSP	0.1	0.05859362	RO	0.5859362	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Mercury and its compounds in terms of mercury
7439-97-6	0.003	3.712-10	CNS	1.24E-7	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Ammonia
7664-41-7	0.1	0.00000003	RO	3.00E-7	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Fluorine and its gaseous and vaporous compounds in terms of hydrogen fluoride
7664-39-3	0.03	0.00001477	SS, RO	0.00049233	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Styrene
100-42-5	1.0	0.00017315	CNS	0.00017315	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Phenol
108-95-2	0.006	0,00046636	CVS, L, K, CNS	0.07772667	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide)
10102-44-0	0.04	0.00330166	RO	0.0825415	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Carbon monoxide
630-08-0	3.0	0.01295109	CNS, CVS, B	0.00431703	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide and trioxide)
7446-09-5	0.08	0.07545244	RO	0.9431555	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Manganese and its compounds in terms of manganese dioxide
7439-96-5	0.00005	0.00003778	CNS	0.7556	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Hydrogen sulfide
-	0.008	0.00120000	-	0.15	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Naphthalene
-	0.003	0.00171000	-	0.57	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Acenaphthene
-	0.07	0.01330000	-	0.19	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Dibutyl phthalate
-	0.1	0.00100000	-	0.01	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Dimethyl sulfide
-	0.08	0.00320000	-	0.04	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low
Iron and its compounds in terms of iron
-	0.04	0.00000100	-	0.000025	<1	Risk of adverse effects is extremely low

Classification of carcinogenic risk levels

Risk level	Risk during CRa lifetime
Unacceptable for professional contingents and the population	Greater than 10−3
Acceptable for professional contingents and unacceptable for the population	10−3 – 10−4
Conditionally acceptable	10−4 – 10−6
Acceptable	Less than 10−6

Non-carcinogenic risk criteria

Risk characteristics	Hazard ratio
The risk of harmful effects is considered insignificantly small	<1
The limit value that does not require urgent measures, however, cannot be considered as quite acceptable	1
The likelihood of developing harmful effects increases in proportion to the increase in HQ	>1

List of priority chemical substances emitted by stationary sources of PJSC “Ukrgrafit”

	CAS	Code	Substance Name	RfC, mg/m3	SFi, (mg/kg-day)−1	MPCm.v., mg/m3	MPCs.p., mg/m3	Impact on Organs and Systems
1	TSP	2902	Substances in the form of suspended solid particles	0.1	-	0.5	0.15	RO
2	10102-44-0	301	Nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide)	0.04	-	0.2	-	RO
3	630-08-0	337	Carbon monoxide	5.0	-	5.0	3.0	CNS, CVS
4	7446-09-5	330	Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide and trioxide)	0.08	-	0.5	0.05	RO
5	7439-96-5	143	Manganese and its compounds in terms of manganese dioxide	0.00005	-	0.01	-	CNS
6	7439-92-1	184	Lead and its compounds in terms of lead	0.00015	0.042	0.001	-	CNS, CVS, K, CM
7	18540-29-9	203	Chromium and its compounds in terms of chromium trioxide	0.0001	42	0.002	-	RO
8	50-32-8	703	Benzo(a)pyrene	-	3.1	-	0.00001	-
9	7439-97-6	183	Mercury and its compounds in terms of mercury	0.003	-	-	0.0003	CNS
10	7664-41-7	303	Ammonia	0.1	-	0.2	-	RO
11	7664-39-3	342	Fluorine and its gaseous and vaporous compounds in terms of hydrogen fluoride	0.03	-	0.02	-	SS, RO
12	71-43-2	602	Benzene	0.06	0.027	1.5	-	CM, K, CNS
13	100-42-5	620	Styrene	1.0	-	0.04	-	CNS
14	108-95-2	1071	Phenol	0.006	-	0.01	-	CVS, K, CNS, L
15		333	Hydrogen sulfide	-	-	0.008	-	-
16		410	Methane	-	-	50 Tentative Safe Level of Impact	-	-
17		708	Naphthalene	-	-	0.003	-	-
18		714	Acenaphthene	-	-	0.07	-	-
19		1215	Dibutyl phthalate	-	-	0.1	-	-
20		1707	Dimethyl sulfide	-	-	0.08	-	-
21		2735	Mineral oil	-	-	0.05 Tentative Safe Level of Impact	-	-
22		2754	Hydrocarbon homologues C12-C19	-	-	1.0	-	-
23		123	Iron and its compounds in terms of iron	-	-	-	0.04	-

General list of emissions of polluting substances at the enterprise after reconstruction

NO	Substance Name	Code	MPCm.v. Tentative Safe Level of Impact, mg/m3	Hazard Class	Emission Power of Pollutants
					g/s	tons/year
1	Iron and its compounds calculated as iron	123	0.04 (s.d.)	3	3.062
2	Manganese and its compounds calculated as manganese dioxide	143	0.01	2	0.0290	2
3	Mercury and its compounds calculated as mercury	183	0.00003 (s.d.)	1	0.000004	3
4	Lead and its compounds calculated as lead	184	0.001	1	0.000002	4
5	Chromium and its compounds calculated as chromium trioxide	203	0.002	1	0.000003	5
6	Nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) are calculated as nitrogen dioxide	301	0.02	3	7.646110	6
7	Ammonia	303	0.02	4	0.0000004	7
8	Sulfur dioxide (dioxide and trioxide) is calculated as sulfur dioxide	330	0.05	3	16.7639	8
9	Hydrogen sulfide	333	0.0082	2	1.40820	9
10	Carbon monoxide	337	50	4	1.991226	10
11	Fluorine and its vapor and gas compounds calculated as hydrogen fluoride	342	0.02	2	0.0000600	11
12	Methane	410	50 Tentative Safe Level of Impact	-	0.0058500	12
13	Benzene	602	1.5	2	0.146932	13
14	Styrene	620	0.004	2	0.199898	14
15	Benzo(a)pyrene	703	0.01 μg per 100 m3 (s.d.)	1	0.001383	15
16	Naphthalene	708	0.003	4	2.35334	16
17	Acenaphthene	714	0.007	-	2.802001	17
18	Phenol	1071	0.001	2	2.74862	18
19	Dibutyl phthalate	1215	0,1	-	0.170112	4.84293
20	Dimethyl sulfide	1707	0,08	4	0.633460	19.20096
21	Mineral petroleum oil	2735	0.05 Tentative Safe Level of Impact	-	0.00001	0.00018
22	Hydrocarbon homologues C12-C19	2754	1.0	4	0.00524	0.05394
23	Substances in the form of suspended solid particles undifferentiated by composition	2902	0.5	3	8.44289	111.11265
24	Nitrogen (I) oxide [N2O]		No MPC	-	0.02871	0.38667
25	Carbon dioxide	11811	No MPC	-	5,107.231	98,942.758
	In total				5,164.727	100,793.00
	Excluding greenhouse gases				57.46784	1,849.8609