Impact of Developments in Cancer Treatment on The Design of Contemporary Cancer Centres in Europe

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Selected spaces occurring in a given zone in contemporary cancer centres_ Developed by the authors_

ZONE NAME	SPACES IN THE ZONE
Entrance area	Lobby, reception, waiting area, hygiene and sanitary facilities, services (e.g. restaurant, shop) etc.
Administrative area	Office rooms, meeting rooms, conference rooms, archives, staff room, hygiene and sanitary facilities, etc.
Social area	Common spaces, recreation spaces, garden, support spaces, catering, services etc.
Diagnostic and consultation area	Consultation rooms (including counselling, advice), doctors’ surgeries, diagnostic rooms (surgeries, X-ray, MRI etc.).
Treatment area	Treatment rooms (in various forms – depending on the therapy), operating theatres with facilities (clean and dirty communication, washrooms, staff changing rooms, hygiene and sanitation rooms, clean and dirty rooms, staff rooms, patient sluices, etc.), preparation rooms, changing rooms, control rooms, recovery/observation rooms, bed unit etc.
Technical area	Technical rooms of various forms depending on the therapy – e.g. in proton therapy the cyclotron, maintenance rooms, storage rooms, server room etc.
Other zones	Staff area, research area, training area

Matrix showing the zones occurring in each type of cancer centre (blue)_ The green colour indicates zones that may or may not occur_ The x symbol indicates the absence of a given zone in the facility_ Developed by the authors

	A	B	C	D	E
Entrance area
Administrative area
Social area
Diagnostic and consultation area		x
Treatment area		x
Technical area		x
Staff area		x
Research area		x
Training area		x
LEGEND

Classification of contemporary types of oncology-related healthcare facilities with schematic representation of differences in scale and height of facilities_ Developed by the authors

CONTEMPORARY TYPES OF CANCER CENTRES
Name	Oncology bed ward	Day cancer care centre	Single-therapy day treatment centre	Daytime multi-therapeutic treatment centre	Multi-therapeutic day and long-stay treatment centre
Scheme
Treatment methods	Many types of therapy offered at the facility that require a longterm stay	Multidisciplinary patient support (as an adjunct in the treatment process - holistic approach)	One type of therapy provided at the facility	Many types of therapy offered at the facility that do not require a long-term stay	The many types of therapy offered at the facility, both not requiring a long-term stay and requiring one
	Invasive surgery with complementary therapies (e.g. chemotherapy etc.)	Multidisciplinary practical and social, lifestyle and emotional care (background to treatment methods)	Proton therapy or radiotherapy (mostly)	Day surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, other therapies, multidisciplinary patients support	Invasive surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, proton therapy, other therapies, multidisciplinary patients support
Spatial characteristics	Part of a larger hospital with patient bed rooms. Treatment spaces include, for example, chemotherapy areas. Surgical procedures take place in the general operating theatre of the hospital.	A small facility located near a cancer hospital that provides spaces for patients and their relatives to learn about the diagnosis, receive multifaceted support. Providing a non-institutional environment in the treatment and recovery process.	Small or medium-sized facilities (depending on the number of treatment devices and additional areas), a large part of which is occupied by a technical area related to the treatment method offered - proton therapy or radiotherapy.	Small or medium-sized facilities (depending on the types of treatment offered and their specificities). Larger facilities have bunkers with radiotherapy, operating theatres and post-operative areas (same-day surgery) etc.	Much larger than other cancer centres because they have long-term care units. In addition, the size and form of the facility is influenced by the type of therapies offered, e.g. in the case of proton therapy, a special bunker and an extensive technical area, etc.

List of oncology facilities included in the study and their general characteristics_ Elaborated by the authors_ Source: [33-44]

No.	Name	Location	Designer	Treatment methods	Type of facility	Total area [m2]	Number of floors	Opening year
1	Chemotherapy Outside	Hilversum, The Netherlands	VANDERSALM-aim	Chemotherapy	Oncology ward	196	1	2015
2	Maggie’s Centre at the Royal Marsden	London, UK	Ab Rogers Design	Multidisciplinary patients support	Day cancer care centre	468	2	2019
3	Kálida Sant Pau Centre	Barcelona, Spain	Benedetta Tagliabue - EMBT			400	2	2019
4	Maggie’s Leeds Centre	Harehills, UK	Heatherwick Studio			462	2	2020
5	Ipo Porto – Radiotherapy Centre	Porto, Portugal	ACTIU	Radiotherapy	Singletherapy day treatment centre	6000	1	2012
6	Quironsalud Prothon Therapy Centre	Madrid, Spain	IDOM	Proton therapy		2380	3	2014
7	Skandion Clinic	Uppsala, Sweden	LINK Arkitektur			14300	7	2019
8	UCH Macmillan Centre	London, UK	Hopkins Architects	Day surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, other therapies, multidisciplinary patients support	Daytime multi-therapeutic treatment centre	14000	9	2012
9	Cancer Centre at Guy’s Hospital	London, UK	Roger Stirk Harbour + Partners			20000	15	2016
10	NGS Macmillan Unit	Chesterfield, UK	The Manser Practice	Chemotherapy, other therapies, multidisciplinary patients support		2140	2	2017
11	Princess Máxima Center	Utrecht, The Netherlands	LIAG Architects	Invasive surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, other therapies, multidisciplinary patients support	Multi-therapeutic day and long-stay treatment centre	45000	6	2018
12	Grafton Way Clinic	London, UK	Scott Tallon Walker Architects	Invasive surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, proton therapy, other therapies, multidisciplinary patients support		34500	11	2022