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A Criteria- and Case Study-Based Approach to Evaluate Adaptability in Buildings

Hatice OZLER

Hatice OZLER

Research Assistant; Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Atatürk UniversityYakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
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OZLER, Hatice
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Basak GUCYETER

Basak GUCYETER

Associate Prof. Dr.; Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Eskişehir Osmangazi UniversityOdunpazarı, Eskişehir, Turkey
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GUCYETER, Basak
  
10 ene 2025
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Publicado en línea: 10 ene 2025
Páginas: 1 - 32
Recibido: 10 may 2023
Aceptado: 28 jun 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2024-0011
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© 2024 Hatice OZLER et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Principle of Levels (Source: Authors. Adopted from Open Building Research Group, TU Delft, [50])
Principle of Levels (Source: Authors. Adopted from Open Building Research Group, TU Delft, [50])

Figure 2.

The shearing layers approach (Source: Authors. Adopted from [46])
The shearing layers approach (Source: Authors. Adopted from [46])

Figure 3.

The methodological framework of the study (Source: Authors)
The methodological framework of the study (Source: Authors)

Figure 4.

Histogram/Pareto diagram for the frequency distribution of the identified adaptability strategies (Source: Authors)
Histogram/Pareto diagram for the frequency distribution of the identified adaptability strategies (Source: Authors)

Figure 5.

Histogram/Pareto diagram for the frequency distribution of the identified adaptability parameters (Source: Authors)
Histogram/Pareto diagram for the frequency distribution of the identified adaptability parameters (Source: Authors)

Figure 6.

Frequency of physical attributes of buildings within the scope of adaptability strategies (Source: Authors)
Frequency of physical attributes of buildings within the scope of adaptability strategies (Source: Authors)

Figure 7.

The layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Schröder House (Source: Authors)
The layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Schröder House (Source: Authors)

Figure 8.

The overall adaptability score and strategy scores of the Schröder House (Source: Authors)
The overall adaptability score and strategy scores of the Schröder House (Source: Authors)

Figure 9.

The Farnsworth House (Source: Author, Basak Gucyeter)
The Farnsworth House (Source: Author, Basak Gucyeter)

Figure 10.

The layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Farnsworth House (Source: Authors)
The layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Farnsworth House (Source: Authors)

Figure 11.

The overall adaptability score and the adaptability strategy scores of the Farnsworth House (Source: Authors)
The overall adaptability score and the adaptability strategy scores of the Farnsworth House (Source: Authors)

Figure 12.

Layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Genter Strasse (Source: Authors)
Layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Genter Strasse (Source: Authors)

Figure 13.

The overall adaptability score and the adaptability strategy scores of the Genter Strasse houses (Source: Authors)
The overall adaptability score and the adaptability strategy scores of the Genter Strasse houses (Source: Authors)

Figure 14.

Layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Quinta Monroy Housing (Source: Authors)
Layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of the Quinta Monroy Housing (Source: Authors)

Figure 15.

The overall adaptability score and the strategy scores of the Quinta Monroy Housing (Source: Authors)
The overall adaptability score and the strategy scores of the Quinta Monroy Housing (Source: Authors)

Figure 16.

Layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of Het SchetsBlok (Source: Authors)
Layers that augment the adaptability characteristics of Het SchetsBlok (Source: Authors)

Figure 17.

The overall adaptability score and the strategy scores of the Het SchetsBlok (Source: Authors)
The overall adaptability score and the strategy scores of the Het SchetsBlok (Source: Authors)

Figure 18.

Comparison of percentage scores of individual adaptability strategies and the overall adaptability scores (Source: Authors)
Comparison of percentage scores of individual adaptability strategies and the overall adaptability scores (Source: Authors)

Distribution of adaptability parameters across 19 studies, adopted from [14]

Sources
Layers Parameters [86] [67] [87] [15] [7] [2] [76] [81] [39] [88] [59] [65] [72] [89] [13] [79] [57] [78] [90] Total
Location Location/accessibility/orientation/proximity x x x x x x x 7
Structure Building dimensions and height x x x x x x x x x 9
Structural design/slabs/loads x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 14
Floor height x x x x x x x x x x x x 12
Technical span x x x x x x x x x x x 11
Core/vertical circulation x x x x x x x x x x x 11
Layout Plan organization x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 14
Circulation (horizontal) x x x x 4
Plan depth x x x x x 5
Partitions/walls x x x x x x x 7
Services Service spaces x x x x x x x x x x 10
Mechanical, electrical, IT, and HVAC installations x x x x x x x x 8
Fire safety design x x x x x 5
Envelope Envelope design x x x x x x x x x x 10
Elements Connection types x x x x x x 6
Selection and availability of building elements/standard/prefabricated/product family/Plug-and-play construction elements x x x x 4
Reinforcements Furnishings/stackable and movable units/non-fixed objects x x x 3

Weighted scores of the associated adaptability strategies and parameters (kstrategy x kparameter)

Strategies
Layers Parameters Physical Attributes Flexibility/Versatility 1.06P] Expandability/Scalability [0.95P] Dismantlability/Separability [0.70P] Movability/Mobility [0.65P] Overcapacity/Redundancy [0.55P] Convertibility [0.45P] Reusable/Recyclable [0.45P] Independence [0.40P] Modularity [0.40P] Refitability [0.30P] Sub-parameter Score
Location Location/accessibility/orientation/proximity [0.50P] Low-density 0.48 0.23 0.71
Structure
Building dimensions and height [0.64P] Low-rise 0.29 0.29
High-rise 0.35 0.29 0.64
Structural design/slabs/loads [1.00P] Steel 1.06 0.95 0.70 0.65 0.55 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.30 5.46
Reinforced Concrete 1.06 0.40 1.46
Prefabricated Concrete 1.06 0.70 0.65 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.30 3.96
Increased load-bearing capacity 0.95 0.55 0.45 1.95
Dry connections 0.95 0.70 0.45 0.40 0.30 2.80
Floor height [0.86P] fh < 3 m 0.91 0.91
3 m fh < 5m 0.91 0.39 1.30
fh 5 m 0.91 1.01 0.47 0.39 2.78
Technical span [0.79P] ts < 6 m 0.00
ts 6 m 0.84 0.75 0.43 0.36 2.38
Core/vertical circulation [0.79P] Centralized 0.84 0.75 0.36 1.95
Steel structure stairs 0.84 0.55 0.51 0.36 0.32 0.32 0.24 3.14
Layout Plan organization [1.00P] Open plan 1.06 0.45 0.40 1.91
Modular organization 1.06 0.95 0.45 0.40 2.86
Standard size 1.06 0.95 0.45 0.40 2.86
Multifunctional spaces 1.06 0.45 0.40 1.91
Spatial Overcapacity 1.06 0.45 2.06
Partitions/walls [0.50P] Movable/Rearrangeable 0.53 0.48 0.23 0.20 0.20 1.97
Fixed 0.53 0.48 0.23 0.20 0.15 1.59
Services Service spaces [0.71P] Raised floors 0.75 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.21 2.80
Suspended ceilings 0.75 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.21 2.80
Shafts 0.75 0.67 0.32 0.28 0.21 2.62
Mechanical. electrical. IT. and HVAC installations [0.57P] Natural 0.60 0.26 0.86
Mechanical 0.60 0.26 0.86
Hybrid 0.60 0.54 0.26 1.40
Envelope Envelope design [0.71P] Double skin facades 0.75 0.67 0.32 0.28 0.28 2.30
Modular/panel systems 0.75 0.67 0.32 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.21 3.33
Independent 0.75 0.32 0.32 0.28 0.21 2.38
Universal 0.75 0.32 0.32
Irregular 0.75 0.32 1.07
TOTAL 21.84 11.26 4.65 3.06 3.29 8.81 2.35 4.8 3.24 2.34 65.63

Example studies that interpreted Brand’s shearing layers approach [46]

Duffy [55] Brand [46] Slaughter, Sause, and Pessiki [56] Ashbolt [57] Abdullah and Al-Alwan [58]
Site Site
Structure Structure Structure Structure
Shell Skin Enclosure Skin Outfit
Services Services Service Services Services
Circulation
Scenery Space Plan Spatial/Functional Space Plan Infill
Sets Stuff Stuff Interior
Ambient

Scoring of the case studies based on the weighted adaptability strategies and parameters

Layers Parameters Physical Attributes The Scröder House Gerrit Rietveld 1925 The Farnsworth House Mies van der Rohe 1951 Genter Strasse Otto Steidle & Partner 1972 Quinta Monroy Alejandro Aravena 2003 Het SchetsBlok ANA Architecten 2018
Location Location/accessibility/orientation/proximity Low-density 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
Structure Building dimensions and height Low-rise 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
High-rise 0.64
Structural design/slabs/loads Steel 5.46 5.46
Reinforced Concrete 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46
Prefabricated Concrete 3.96
Increased load-bearing capacity 1.95 1.95 1.95
Dry connections 2.80
Floor height fh < 3 m 0.91
3 m ≤ fh < 5m 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
fh ≥ 5 m
Technical span ts < 6 m 0.00 0.00
ts ≥ 6 m 2.38 2.38 2.38
Core/vertical circulation Centralized 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95
Steel structure stairs 3.14 3.14
Layout Plan organization Open plan 1.91 1.91 1.91 1.91
Modular organization 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86
Standard size 2.86 2.86
Multifunctional spaces 1.91 1.91 1.91
Spatial Overcapacity 2.06 2.06 2.06
Partitions/walls Movable/Rearrangeable 1.97 1.97 1.97
Fixed 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59
Services Service spaces Raised floors
Suspended ceilings 2.80 2.80
Shafts 2.62 2.62 2.62
Mechanical. electrical. IT. and HVAC installations Natural 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
Mechanical
Hybrid
Envelope Envelope design Double skin facades 2.30
Modular/panel systems 3.33 3.33 3.33
Independent 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38
Universal 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
Irregular 1.07 1.07 1.07
TOTAL 33.24 26.23 33.67 30.20 31.71

Distribution of adaptability strategies across 33 studies based on [14]

Sources
Strategies [67] [68] [39] [12] [69] [65] [70] [71] [72] [73] [58] [26] [74] [57] [19] [15] [75] [17] [6] [76] [77] [5] [78] [79] [80] [66] [81] [2] [82] [21] [83] [84] [85] Total
Generality x x 2
Flexibility/Versatility x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 21
Expendability/Scalability x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 19
Convertibility x x x x x x x x x 9
Dismantlability/Separability x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 14
Prefabrication/Standardization x x x x x 5
Overcapacity/Redundancy x x x x x x x x x x x 11
Movability/Mobility x x x x x x x x x x x x x 13
Rearrangeable x x x x 4
Reusable/Recyclable x x x x x x x x x x 9
Refitability x x x x x x 6
Multifunctionality x x x x x 5
Integratable x x 2
Universality x x x x 4
Modularity x x x x x x x x 8
Ejectable x x x 3
Exchangeable x x x x x 5
Customization x x 2
Upgrading x x x x 4
Variability/Variety x x x 3
Zonable x x 2
Availability x x x 3
Adjustability x x x x 4
Durability/Robustness x x x x 3
Accessibility x x x x 4
Simplicity x x 2
Independence x x x x x x x x 8
Collective-Individual x x 2
Central-Decentral x x 2
Shapeable x x 2
Automation x x 2
Alterable x x 2
Predictability x x 2
Affordability x 1
Segmentability x 1
Mendability x 1
Replaceability x 1
Inspectability x 1
Suitability x 1
Reliability x 1
Ductless x 1
Intelligent x 1
Responsiveness x 1
Commonality x 1
Malleability x 1
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