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CFD Modelling of Thermal Comfort in the Passenger Coach

Agnieszka Palmowska
Agnieszka Palmowska
 y 
Izabela Sarna
Izabela Sarna
   | 03 feb 2023
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Publicado en línea: 03 feb 2023
Páginas: 133 - 146
Recibido: 27 jul 2022
Aceptado: 14 oct 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2022-0044
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© 2022 Agnieszka Palmowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The numerical passenger coach model – geometry
The numerical passenger coach model – geometry

Figure 2

The human model: side view (left) and axonometric view (right)
The human model: side view (left) and axonometric view (right)

Figure 3

The comparison of the distribution of air parameters: speed, temperature, in the vertical plane YZ, X=2.55 m (Plane 1), a) summer, b) winter
The comparison of the distribution of air parameters: speed, temperature, in the vertical plane YZ, X=2.55 m (Plane 1), a) summer, b) winter

Figure 4

The comparison of the distribution of air parameters: speed, temperature, in the horizontal plane YX, Z=−0.85 (Plane 3), a) summer, b) winter
The comparison of the distribution of air parameters: speed, temperature, in the horizontal plane YX, Z=−0.85 (Plane 3), a) summer, b) winter

Figure 5

The comparison of comfort zone in the vertical plane ZX, Y=−11.85 m (Plane 2), a) summer, b) winter
The comparison of comfort zone in the vertical plane ZX, Y=−11.85 m (Plane 2), a) summer, b) winter

Figure 6

Location of monitoring points used to determine air parameters and thermal comfort indicators in the coach
Location of monitoring points used to determine air parameters and thermal comfort indicators in the coach

Figure 7

Location of the monitoring axes used to determine thermal comfort for seated passengers
Location of the monitoring axes used to determine thermal comfort for seated passengers

Figure 8

The comparison of the local distribution of air temperature for passengers, in the vertical plane YZ, X=2.55 m (Plane 1), a) summer, b) winter
The comparison of the local distribution of air temperature for passengers, in the vertical plane YZ, X=2.55 m (Plane 1), a) summer, b) winter

Requirements of temperature parameters in the comfort zones [10]

Parameters Quality limit 1 Quality limit 2
Range of mean interior temperature concerning the interior temperature setting 1 K 1.5 K
Horizontal range of the extreme interior air temperatures 2 K 2.8 K
Vertical range of the extreme interior air temperatures for seated passengers 3 K 5 K if the foot in the warmest point 3.5 K otherwise cases

Results of air parameters and thermal comfort indicators at monitoring points 1–36

Axis Monitoring point Summer Winter
metabolic rate = 1 metclothing insulation = 0.5 clo metabolic rate = 1 metclothing insulation = 1.25 clo
ti w RH PMV PPD DR ti w RH PMV PPD DR
°C m/s % % % °C m/s % % %
1 1 24.5 0.13 54.7 1.9 72.0 6.3 24.8 0.13 39.2 0.4 8.5 6.3
2 23.9 0.23 56.2 1.3 40.7 10.9 24.5 0.12 40.6 1.0 24.9 5.5
3 21.8 0.04 60.6 0.3 7.2 0.0 21.9 0.16 45.9 0.6 12.8 9.8
2 4 24.8 0.15 56.2 0.9 22.9 6.8 24.8 0.10 38.9 0.5 9.8 4.7
5 23.0 0.29 59.9 0.0 5.0 14.2 23.9 0.10 41.6 0.9 23.2 4.9
6 23.6 0.18 57.6 0.4 7.9 9.5 22.8 0.06 43.5 0.9 21.3 2.4
3 7 24.9 0.11 53.6 2.1 82.8 4.8 25.0 0.13 39.0 0.4 8.7 6.0
8 24.3 0.19 55.0 1.7 62.0 8.9 24.3 0.12 42.0 0.9 23.0 5.9
9 21.8 0.11 59.1 0.4 8.7 6.3 23.0 0.08 43.0 1.0 24.9 3.8
4 10 24.9 0.11 58.2 1.3 42.9 4.8 24.7 0.17 40.4 0.4 7.9 7.8
11 23.7 0.23 58.2 0.5 11.4 11.3 25.4 0.09 40.4 1.1 30.4 3.8
12 23.5 0.24 57.3 0.2 6.3 11.8 22.6 0.05 44.8 0.9 22.9 0.6
5 13 24.7 0.13 54.1 2.0 78.7 6.1 24.3 0.20 39.5 0.3 6.5 9.2
14 24.2 0.23 55.6 1.5 53.1 10.6 23.8 0.19 43.4 0.7 15.8 9.4
15 22.2 0.03 59.7 0.5 10.0 0.0 22.3 0.13 45.2 0.6 12.8 7.8
6 16 24.6 0.16 56.5 1.0 24.8 7.8 24.7 0.13 39.6 0.4 8.5 5.9
17 24.0 0.19 58.0 0.8 17.6 9.5 24.7 0.13 39.5 0.9 24.0 6.4
18 23.8 0.20 57.0 0.4 7.8 9.8 21.9 0.12 45.8 0.7 15.5 7.0
7 19 24.3 0.10 55.8 2.0 78.4 5.0 24.6 0.14 39.6 0.4 7.7 6.6
20 23.9 0.27 56.1 1.3 41.3 12.5 25.1 0.16 40.9 0.9 24.1 7.1
21 19.7 0.03 66.8 −0.1 5.3 0.0 21.2 0.03 50.1 0.7 14.0 0.0
8 22 24.9 0.20 55.6 0.9 22.0 8.8 24.5 0.15 40.1 0.3 7.2 7.3
23 23.7 0.18 58.7 0.7 14.7 9.4 24.1 0.11 42.6 0.9 22.8 5.5
24 23.8 0.20 57.6 0.5 10.1 10.0 21.5 0.11 47.6 0.7 14.5 6.8
9 25 24.9 0.10 54.1 2.1 83.1 4.3 24.4 0.14 39.5 0.3 6.5 6.9
26 24.4 0.16 55.4 1.9 70.5 7.8 24.6 0.15 41.7 0.8 19.0 7.3
27 22.1 0.21 59.3 −0.1 5.1 12.1 21.6 0.04 47.5 0.7 14.1 0.0
10 28 24.6 0.14 56.4 1.1 28.5 6.9 24.3 0.18 40.2 0.2 6.0 8.6
29 24.3 0.13 56.5 1.2 33.4 6.4 23.8 0.11 46.1 0.8 20.1 5.7
30 22.7 0.32 60.2 −0.4 8.2 15.7 20.5 0.04 51.3 0.5 10.1 0.0
11 31 24.0 0.10 56.2 1.8 69.2 5.0 24.4 0.13 40.6 0.3 6.8 6.3
32 23.6 0.25 56.9 1.2 34.1 12.2 23.3 0.10 42.3 0.7 16.5 5.1
33 20.8 0.03 63.5 0.1 5.1 0.0 20.9 0.08 48.9 0.6 11.7 4.3
12 34 24.9 0.16 55.2 1.0 25.6 7.3 24.3 0.14 40.8 0.3 6.4 6.9
35 24.1 0.15 57.2 0.9 20.7 7.7 24.6 0.14 43.3 0.8 19.5 6.5
36 22.8 0.32 59.5 −0.4 7.6 15.6 20.8 0.04 52.1 0.5 11.0 0.0
Mean 23.7 0.17 57.5 0.9 31.2 7.9 23.6 0.12 43.3 0.6 15.0 5.5

Results of air parameters and thermal comfort indicators at monitoring points 1–12

Monitoring point Summer Winter
metabolic rate = 1 metclothing insulation = 0.5 clo metabolic rate = 1 metclothing insulation = 1.25 clo
ti RH PMV PPD DR ti RH PMV PPD DR
°C % % % °C % % %
1 24.7 54.7 1.8 66.9 8.3 23.5 42.1 −0.2 5.8 8.4
2 24.0 55.8 1.3 41.4 7.6 24.4 40.6 0.2 6.1 7.7
3 24.5 56.6 1.1 30.1 7.6 24.3 40.4 0.2 6.0 10.6
4 24.6 55.0 0.8 17.8 6.2 23.8 42.3 0.0 5.0 8.7
5 25.0 54.2 2.2 83.4 6.4 23.8 43.6 0.1 5.1 4.4
6 24.5 55.1 1.8 65.7 4.7 24.7 39.5 0.4 7.7 7.5
7 22.9 59.1 0.0 5.0 16.7 24.6 39.2 0.4 7.6 8.8
8 26.3 51.6 0.8 17.6 8.9 24.2 41.1 0.2 5.7 3.5
9 24.8 54.1 1.8 68.3 7.8 23.8 41.5 0.1 5.2 5.1
10 23.6 57.0 1.0 24.5 11.3 25.0 38.9 0.4 8.0 7.7
11 23.0 58.3 0.2 5.7 13.2 24.7 38.9 0.4 8.1 9.4
12 24.3 54.6 0.7 14.2 4.8 23.9 41.0 0.2 5.7 5.0
Mean 24.4 55.5 1.1 36.7 8.6 24.2 40.8 0.2 6.3 7.2
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