This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Goodale T, Sadhu A, Petak S, Robbins R. Testosterone and the heart. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017;13(2):68; DOI:10.14797/mdcj-13-2-68.Search in Google Scholar
Muncey W, Omil-Lima D, Jesse E, Gupta K, ElShafei A, Heflick C, Loeb A. Assessment of public interest and current trends in testosterone replacement therapy. Int J Impot Res. 2021;34(8):753–6; DOI:10.1038/s41443-021-00445-4.Search in Google Scholar
Rostom M, Ramasamy R, Kohn TP. History of testosterone therapy through the ages. Int J Impot Res. 2022;34(7):623–5; DOI: 10.1038/s41443-021-00493-w.Search in Google Scholar
Barone B, Napolitano L, Abate M, Cirillo L, Reccia P, Passaro F, Turco C, Morra S, Mastrangelo F, Scarpato A, Amicuzi U, Morgera V, Romano L, Calace FP, Pandolfo SD, De Luca L, Aveta A, Sicignano E, Trivellato M, Spena G, D’Alterio C, Fusco GM, Vitale R, Arcaniolo D, Crocetto F. The role of testosterone in the elderly: what do we know? Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3535; DOI:10.3390/IJMS23073535.Search in Google Scholar
Dos Santos MR, Bhasin S. Benefits and risks of testosterone treatment in men with age-related decline in testosterone. Annu Rev Med. 2021;72(72):75–91; DOI:10.1146/annurev-med-050219-034711.Search in Google Scholar
Corona G, Maggi M. The role of testosterone in male sexual function. Rev Endocr Metab Disordr. 2022;23(6):1159–72; DOI:10.1007/S11154-022-09748-3.Search in Google Scholar
Chahla EJ, El Hayek M, Morley JE. Testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk factors modification. Aging Male. 2011;14(2):83–90; DOI:10.3109/13685538.2010.541538.Search in Google Scholar
Carter IV, Callegari MJ, Jella TK, Mahran A, Cwalina TB, Muncey W, Loeb A, Thirumavalavan N. Trends in testosterone prescription amongst medical specialties: a 5-year CMS data analysis. Int J Impot Res. 2022;35(4):1–5; DOI:10.1038/s41443-021-00497-6.Search in Google Scholar
Sellke N, Omil-Lima D, Sun HH, Tay K, Rhodes S, Loeb A, Thirumavalavan N. Trends in testosterone prescription during the release of society guidelines. Int J Impot Res. 2024;36(4):380-84; DOI:10.1038/S41443-023-00709-1.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou CK, Advani S, Chaloux M, Gibson JT, Yu M, Bradley M, Hoover RN, Cook MB. Trends and Patterns of Testosterone Therapy among U.S. Male Medicare Beneficiaries, 1999 to 2014. J Urol. 2020;203(6):1184–90; DOI:10.1097/JU.0000000000000744.Search in Google Scholar
Wang M, Tsai BM, Kher A, Baker LB, Wairiuko GM, Meldrum DR. Role of endogenous testosterone in myocardial proinflammatory and proapoptotic signaling after acute ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288(1):H221-6; DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00784.2004.Search in Google Scholar
Tsang S, Liu J, Ming Wong T. Testosterone and cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2012;7(2):119-25; DOI:10.2174/187152907780830888.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang L, Wu S, Ruan Y, Hong L, Xing X, Lai W. Testosterone suppresses oxidative stress via androgen receptor-independent pathway in murine cardiomyocytes. Mol Med Rep. 2011;4(6):1183-8; DOI:10.3892/mmr.2011.539.Search in Google Scholar
Araujo AB, Dixon JM, Suarez EA, Murad MH, Guey LT, Wittert GA. Endogenous testosterone and mortality in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3007-19; DOI:10.1210/jc.2011-1137.Search in Google Scholar
Peoples JN, Saraf A, Ghazal N, Pham TT, Kwong JQ. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in heart disease. Exp Mol Med. 2019;51(12):1-13; DOI:10.1038/s12276-019-0355-7.Search in Google Scholar
Younus H. Younus, H. Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase. Int J Health Sci. 2018;12(3):88-93.Search in Google Scholar
Lubos E, Loscalzo J, Handy DE. Glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15(7):1957-97; DOI:10.1089/ars.2010.3586.Search in Google Scholar
Roede JR, Stewart BJ, Petersen DR. Hepatotoxicity of Reactive Aldehydes. In: McQueen CA, editor. Comprehensive Toxicology [Internet]. Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier; 2014 [cited 2025 Mar 27]. Chapter 9.26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-046884-6.01025-3.Search in Google Scholar
Pelzer T, Schumann M, Neumann M, deJager T, Stimpel M, Serfling E, Neyses L. 17β-estradiol prevents programmed cell death in cardiac myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;268(1):192-200; DOI:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2073.Search in Google Scholar
Pronsato L, Boland R, Milanesi L. Testosterone exerts antiapoptotic effects against H2O2 in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells through the apoptotic intrinsic pathway. J Endocrinol. 2012;212(3):371-81; DOI:10.1530/JOE-11-0234.Search in Google Scholar
Seki S, MacLeod KT. Effects of anoxia on intracellular Ca2+ and contraction in isolated guinea pig cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1995;268(3):1045-52; DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.3.h1045.Search in Google Scholar
Kusuoka H, de Hurtado MCC, Marban E. Role of sodium/calcium exchange in the mechanism of myocardial stunning: Protective effect of reperfusion with high sodium solution. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21(1):240-8; DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(93)90743-K.Search in Google Scholar
Curl CL, Delbridge LMD, Canny BJ, Wendt IR. Testosterone modulates cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling and contractile function. Physiol Res. 2009;58(2):293-7; DOI:10.33549/physiolres.931460.Search in Google Scholar
Kapoor D, Clarke S, Stanworth R, Channer KS, Jones TH. The effect of testosterone replacement theraphy on adipocytokines and C-reactive protein in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156(5):595-602; DOI:10.1530/EJE-06-0737.Search in Google Scholar
Grandys M, Majerczak J, Zapart-Bukowska J, Duda K, Kulpa JK, Zoladz JA. Lowered serum testosterone concentration is associated with enhanced inflammation and worsened lipid profile in men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:735638; DOI:10.3389/fendo.2021.735638.Search in Google Scholar
Corrales JJ, Almeida M, Burgo R, Mories MT, Miralles JM, Orfao A. Androgen- replacement therapy depresses the ex vivo production of inflammatory cytokines by circulating antigen-presenting cells in aging type-2 diabetic men and partial androgen deficiency. J Endocrinol. 2006;189(3):595-604: DOI:10.1677/joe.1.06779.Search in Google Scholar
Liva SM, Voskuhl RR. Testosterone acts directly on CD4+ T lymphocytes to increase IL-10 production. J Immunol. 2001;167(4):2060-7; DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2060.Search in Google Scholar
Saad F. Androgen therapy in men with testosterone deficiency: can testosterone reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(2):52-9; DOI:10.1002/DMRR.2354.Search in Google Scholar
Ruige JB, Ouwens DM, Kaufman JM. Beneficial and adverse effects of testosterone on the cardiovascular system in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):4300–10; DOI:10.1210/jc.2013-1970.Search in Google Scholar
Barton M, Prossnitz ER, Meyer MR. Testosterone and secondary hypertension: new pieces to the puzzle. Hypertension. 2012;59(6):1101-3; DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195149.Search in Google Scholar
Kloner RA, Carson C, Dobs A, Kopecky S, Mohler ER. Testosterone and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(5):545-57; DOI: 10.1016/J.JACC.2015.12.005.Search in Google Scholar
Diaconu R, Donoiu I, Mirea O, Bǎlşeanu T. Testosterone, cardiomyopathies, and heart failure: a narrative review. Asian J Androl. 2021;23(4):348-56; DOI:10.4103/aja.aja_80_20.Search in Google Scholar
Di Lodovico E, Facondo P, Delbarba A, Pezzaioli LC, Maffezzoni F, Cappelli C, Ferlin A. Testosterone, hypogonadism, and heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2022;15(7):E008755; DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008755.Search in Google Scholar
Potenza M, Shimshi M. Male hypogonadism: the unrecognized cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Lipidol. 2008;2(2):71–8; DOI:10.1016/j. jacl.2008.01.011.Search in Google Scholar
Miller C, Madden-Doyle L, Jayasena C, Mcilroy M, Sherlock M, O’reilly MW. Mechanisms in endocrinology: hypogonadism and metabolic health in men – novel insights into pathophysiology. Eur J Endocrinol. 2024;191(6):R1–17; DOI:10.1093/ejendo/lvae128.Search in Google Scholar
Frieler RA, Mortensen RM. Immune cell and other noncardiomyocyte regulation of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Circulation. 2015;131(11):1019–30; DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008788.Search in Google Scholar
Wu QQ, Xiao Y, Yuan Y, Ma ZG, Liao HH, Liu C, Zhu JX, Yang Z, Deng W, Tang QZ. Mechanisms contributing to cardiac remodelling. Clin Sci. 2017;131(18):2319–45; DOI:10.1042/CS20171167.Search in Google Scholar
Sokanovic SJ, Baburski AZ, Kojic Z, Medar MLJ, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Aging-related increase of cGMP disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis in Leydig cells. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(2):177–86; DOI:10.1093/gerona/glaa132.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang T, Chu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Ji X, Zhang G, Shi G, Cui R, Kang Y. Testosterone deficiency worsens mitochondrial dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024;16:1390915; DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1390915.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou B, Tian R. Mitochondrial dysfunction in pathophysiology of heart failure. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(9):3716–26; DOI:10.1172/JCI120849.Search in Google Scholar
Banga S, Mishra M, Heinze-Milne SD, Jansen HJ, Rose RA, Howlett SE. Chronic testosterone deficiency increases late inward sodium current and promotes triggered activity in ventricular myocytes from aging male mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2023;325(2):H264–77; DOI:10.1152/AJPHEART.00505.2022.Search in Google Scholar
Fernandes Corrêa RA, Ribeiro Júnior RF, Mendes SBO, Dos Santos PM, da Silva MVA, Silva DF, Biral IP, de Batista PR, Vassallo DV, Bittencourt AS, Stefanon I, Fernandes AA. Testosterone deficiency reduces the effects of late cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction in rats. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0213351; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0213351.Search in Google Scholar
Chandramouli C, Stewart S, Almahmeed W, Lam CSP. Clinical implications of the universal definition for the prevention and treatment of heart failure. Clin Cardiol. 2022;45(S1):S2–12; DOI:10.1002/CLC.23842.Search in Google Scholar
Hartupee J, Mann DL. Neurohormonal activation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016;14(1):30–8; DOI:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.163.Search in Google Scholar
Budde H, Hassoun R, Mügge A, Kovács Á, Hamdani N. Current Understanding of molecular pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Front Physiol. 2022;13:928232; DOI:10.3389/FPHYS.2022.928232/XML/NLM.Search in Google Scholar
Tanai E, Frantz S. Pathophysiology of heart failure. Compr Physiol. 2016;6(1):187–214; DOI:10.1002/CPHY.C140055.Search in Google Scholar
Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H, Abdelhamid CM, Adamopoulos S, Albert N, Anker SD, Atherton J, Böhm M, Butler J, Drazner MH, Michael Felker G, Filippatos G, Fiuzat M, Fonarow GC, Gomez-Mesa JE, Heidenreich P, Imamura T, Jankowska EA, Januzzi J, Khazanie P, Kinugawa K, Lam CSP, Matsue Y, Metra M, Ohtani T, Francesco Piepoli M, Ponikowski P, Rosano GMC, Sakata Y, Seferović P, Starling RC, Teerlink JR, Vardeny O, Yamamoto K, Yancy C, Zhang J, Zieroth S. Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: Endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(3):352–80; DOI:10.1002/EJHF.2115.Search in Google Scholar
Schwinger RHG. Pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2021;11(1):263-76; DOI:10.21037/CDT-20-302.Search in Google Scholar
Zile MR, Baicu CF, Ikonomidis JS, Stroud RE, Nietert PJ, Bradshaw AD, Slater R, Palmer BM, Van Buren P, Meyer M, Redfield MM, Bull DA, Granzier HL, LeWinter MM. Myocardial stiffness in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: contributions of collagen and titin. Circulation. 2015;131(14):1247-59; DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013215.Search in Google Scholar
Borlaug BA. The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11:507–15; DOI:10.1038/nrcardio.2014.83.Search in Google Scholar
Groenewegen A, Rutten FH, Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Epidemiology of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(8):1342–56; DOI:10.1002/EJHF.1858.Search in Google Scholar
Yoshihisa A, Suzuki S, Sato Y, Kanno Y, Abe S, Miyata M, Sato T, Oikawa M, Kobayashi A, Yamaki T, Kunii H, Nakazato K, Ishida T, Takeishi Y. Relation of testosterone levels to mortality in men with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2018;121(11):1321–7; DOI:10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2018.01.052.Search in Google Scholar
Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3481-8; DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878.Search in Google Scholar
Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;109(23 Suppl 1):III27-32; DOI:10.1161/01. CIR.0000131515.03336.f8.Search in Google Scholar
Incalza MA, D’Oria R, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Vascul Pharmacol. 2018;100:1–19; DOI:10.1016/J.VPH.2017.05.005.Search in Google Scholar
Sitia S, Tomasoni L, Atzeni F, Ambrosio G, Cordiano C, Catapano A, Tramontana S, Perticone F, Naccarato P, Camici P, Picano E, Cortigiani L, Bevilacqua M, Milazzo L, Cusi D, Barlassina C, Sarzi-Puttini P, Turiel M. From endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(12):830–4; DOI:10.1016/J.AUTREV.2010.07.016.Search in Google Scholar
Kattoor AJ, Pothineni NVK, Palagiri D, Mehta JL. Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2017;19(11):1–11; DOI:10.1007/s11883-017-0678-6.Search in Google Scholar
Gimbrone MA, García-Cardeña G. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2016;118(4):620-36; DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301.Search in Google Scholar
Sasso FC, Carbonara O, Nasti R, Campana B, Marfella R, Torella M, Nappi G, Torella R, Cozzolino D. Glucose metabolism and coronary heart disease in patients with normal glucose tolerance. JAMA. 2004;291(15):1857–63; DOI:10.1001/JAMA.291.15.1857.Search in Google Scholar
White J, Swerdlow DI, Preiss D, Fairhurst-Hunter Z, Keating BJ, Asselbergs FW, Sattar N, Humphries SE, Hingorani AD, Holmes MV. Association of lipid fractions with risks for coronary artery disease and diabetes. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(6):692–9; DOI:10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2016.1884.Search in Google Scholar
Bianchi VE. The anti-inflammatory effects of testosterone. J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(1):91–107; DOI:10.1210/JS.2018-00186.Search in Google Scholar
Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease. J Endocrinol. 2013;217(3):25-45; DOI:10.1530/JOE-12-0455.Search in Google Scholar
Saad F. The role of testosterone in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in men. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009;53(8):901–7; DOI:10.1590/S0004-27302009000800002.Search in Google Scholar
Mitsuhashi K, Senmaru T, Fukuda T, Yamazaki M, Shinomiya K, Ueno M, Kinoshita S, Kitawaki J, Katsuyama M, Tsujikawa M, Obayashi H, Nakamura N, Fukui M. Testosterone stimulates glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation through LKB1/AMPK signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Endocrine. 2016;51(1):174–84; DOI:10.1007/s12020-015-0666-y.Search in Google Scholar
Antinozzi C, Marampon F, Corinaldesi C, Vicini E, Sgrò P, Vannelli GB, Lenzi A, Crescioli C, Di Luigi L. Testosterone insulin-like effects: an in vitro study on the short-term metabolic effects of testosterone in human skeletal muscle cells. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(10):1133–43; DOI:10.1007/S40618-017-0686-Y.Search in Google Scholar
Langfort J, Jagsz S, Dobrzyn P, Brzezinska Z, Klapcinska B, Galbo H, Gorski J. Testosterone affects hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity and lipid metabolism in the left ventricle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;399(4):670–6; DOI:10.1016/J.BBRC.2010.07.140.Search in Google Scholar
Chan K, Harper AR, Ashrafian H, Yavari A. Cardiomyopathies. Medicine (United Kingdom). 2018;46(10):606-17; DOI:10.1016/j. mpmed.2018.07.014.Search in Google Scholar
Precone V, Krasi G, Guerri G, Madureri A, Piazzani M, Michelini S, Barati S, Maniscalchi T, Bressan S, Bertelli M. Cardiomyopathies. Acta Biomed. 2019;90(10-S):32–43; DOI:10.23750/ABM.V90I10-S.8755.Search in Google Scholar
Kontoleon PE, Anastasiou-Nana MI, Papapetrou PD, Alexopoulos G, Ktenas V, Rapti AC, Tsagalou EP, Nanas JN. Hormonal profile in patients with congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2003;87(2–3):179–83; DOI:10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00212-7.Search in Google Scholar
Naderi N, Heidarali M, Barzegari F, Ghadrdoost B, Amin A, Taghavi S. Hormonal profile in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Res Cardiovasc Med. 2015;4(3):e27631; DOI:10.5812/cardiovascmed.27631v2.Search in Google Scholar
Dumitraşcu A, Diaconu R, Donoiu I. Testosterone and depression in men with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2023;22(1):140-1; DOI:10.1093/EURJCN/ZVAD064.060.Search in Google Scholar
Troncoso MF, Pavez M, Wilson C, Lagos D, Duran J, Ramos S, Barrientos G, Silva P, Llanos P, Basualto-Alarcón C, Westenbrink BD, Lavandero S, Estrada M. Testosterone activates glucose metabolism through AMPK and androgen signaling in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Biol Res. 2021;54(1):3; DOI:10.1186/S40659-021-00328-4.Search in Google Scholar
Altamirano F, Oyarce C, Silva P, Toyos M, Wilson C, Lavandero S, Uhlén P, Estrada M. Testosterone induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway. J Endocrinol. 2009;202(2):299–307; DOI:10.1677/JOE-09-0044.Search in Google Scholar
Chung CC, Hsu RC, Kao YH, Liou JP, Lu YY, Chen YJ. Androgen attenuates cardiac fibroblasts activations through modulations of transforming growth factor-β and angiotensin II signaling. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176(2):386–93; DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.077.Search in Google Scholar
Hackett G, Kirby M, Rees RW, Jones TH, Muneer A, Livingston M, Ossei-Gerning N, David J, Foster J, Kalra PA, Ramachandran S. The British Society for Sexual Medicine guidelines on male adult testosterone deficiency, with statements for practice. World J Mens Health. 2023;41(3):508-37; DOI:10.5534/WJMH.221027.Search in Google Scholar
Buvat J, Maggi M, Guay A, Torres LO. Testosterone deficiency in men: systematic review and standard operating procedures for diagnosis and treatment. J Sex Med. 2013;10(1):245–84. DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02783.x.Search in Google Scholar
Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, Kurtz EG, Redmon JB, Chiles KA, Lightner DJ, Miner MM, Murad MH, Nelson CJ, Platz EA, Ramanathan LV, Lewis RW. Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2018;200(2):423–32; DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115.Search in Google Scholar
Traish AM. Major cardiovascular disease risk in men with testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism): appraisal of short, medium and long-term testosterone therapy – a narrative review. Sex Med Rev. 2023;11(4):384–94; DOI:10.1093/sxmrev/qead031.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang X, Zhao H, Horney J, Johnson N, Saad F, Haider KS, Haider A, Xu X. Testosterone deficiency, long-term testosterone therapy, and inflammation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(6):638–47; DOI:10.1177/10742484211032402.Search in Google Scholar
Marra AM, D’Assante R, Salzano A, Iacoviello M, Triggiani V, Rengo G, Limongelli G, Masarone D, Perticone M, Cimellaro A, Perrone Filardi P, Paolillo S, Gargiulo P, Mancini A, Volterrani M, Vriz O, Castello R, Passantino A, Campo M, Modesti PA, De Giorgi A, Arcopinto M, D’Agostino A, Raparelli V, Isidori AM, Valente V, Giardino F, Crisci G, Sciacqua A, Savoia M, Suzuki T, Bossone E, Cittadini A; T.O.S.CA. Investigators. Testosterone deficiency independently predicts mortality in women with HFrEF: insights from the T.O.S.CA. registry. ESC Heart Fail. 2023;10(1):159-66; DOI:10.1002/ehf2.14117.Search in Google Scholar
O’Farrell S, Garmo H, Holmberg L, Adolfsson J, Stattin P, Van Hemelrijck M. Risk and timing of cardiovascular disease after androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(11):1243–51; DOI:10.1200/JCO.2014.59.1792.Search in Google Scholar
Jespersen CG, Nørgaard M, Borre M. Androgen-deprivation therapy in treatment of prostate cancer and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: a nationwide Danish population-based cohort study. Eur Urol. 2014;65(4):704–9; DOI:10.1016/J.EURURO.2013.02.002.Search in Google Scholar
Jonušas J, Drevinskaitė M, Patašius A, Kinčius M, Janulionis E, Smailytė G. Androgen-deprivation therapy and risk of death from cardio-vascular disease in prostate cancer patients: a nationwide lithuanian population-based cohort study. Aging Male. 2022;25(1):173–9; DOI:10.1080/13685538.2022.2091130.Search in Google Scholar
Ng C fai, Chiu PKF, Yee C hang, Lau BSY, Leung SCH, Teoh JYC. Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on cardiovascular function in Chinese patients with advanced prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports 2020 10:1. 2020;10(1):1–9; DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-75139-w.Search in Google Scholar
Haque R, UlcickasYood M, Xu X, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Tsai HT, Keating NL, Van Den Eeden SK, Potosky AL. Cardiovascular disease risk and androgen deprivation therapy in patients with localised prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2017;117(8):1233–40; DOI:10.1038/bjc.2017.280.Search in Google Scholar
Liang Z, Zhu J, Chen L, Xu Y, Yang Y, Hu R, Zhang W, Song Y, Lu Y, Ou N, Liu X. Is androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer associated with cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Andrology. 2020;8(3):559–74; DOI:10.1111/andr.12731.Search in Google Scholar
Alves JV, da Costa RM, Pereira CA, Fedoce AG, Silva CAA, Carneiro FS, Lobato NS, Tostes RC. Supraphysiological levels of testosterone induce vascular dysfunction via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1647; DOI:10.3389/FIMMU.2020.01647.Search in Google Scholar
Omona K. Testosterone [Internet]. IntechOpen; 2020 [cited 2025 Apr 26]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94017.Search in Google Scholar
Thirumalai A, Anawalt BD. Relationships between endogenous and exogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(6):1305–22; DOI:10.1007/S11154-022-09752-7.Search in Google Scholar
Skogastierna C, Hotzen M, Rane A, Ekström L. A supraphysiological dose of testosterone induces nitric oxide production and oxidative stress. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;21(8):1049–54; DOI:10.1177/2047487313481755.Search in Google Scholar
Pirompol P, Teekabut V, Weerachatyanukul W, Bupha-Intr T, Wattanapermpool J. Supra-physiological dose of testosterone induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy. J Endocrinol. 2016;229(1):13–23; DOI:10.1530/JOE-15-0506.Search in Google Scholar
Tao J, Liu X, Bai W. Testosterone supplementation in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:110. DOI:10.3389/FENDO.2020.00110.Search in Google Scholar
Navarro-Peñalver M, Perez-Martinez MT, Gómez-Bueno M, García-Pavía P, Lupón-Rosés J, Roig-Minguell E, Comin-Colet J, Bayes-Genis A, Noguera JA, Pascual-Figal DA. Testosterone replacement therapy in deficient patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized double-blind controlled pilot study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2018;23(6):543–50; DOI:10.1177/1074248418784020.Search in Google Scholar
Toma M, McAlister FA, Coglianese EE, Vidi V, Vasaiwala S, Bakal JA, Armstrong PW, Ezekowitz JA. Testosterone supplementation in heart failure a meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5(3):315–21; DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965632.Search in Google Scholar
Wang W, Jiang T, Li C, Chen J, Cao K, Qi LW, Li P, Zhu W, Zhu B, Chen Y. Will testosterone replacement therapy become a new treatment of chronic heart failure? A review based on 8 clinical trials. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(5):E269-77; DOI:10.21037/JTD.2016.03.39.Search in Google Scholar
Mirdamadi A, Garakyaraghi M, Pourmoghaddas A, Bahmani A, Mahmoudi H, Gharipour M. Beneficial effects of testosterone therapy on functional capacity, cardiovascular parameters, and quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014(1):392432; DOI:10.1155/2014/392432.Search in Google Scholar
Iellamo F, Volterrani M, Caminiti G, Karam R, Massaro R, Fini M, Collins P, Rosano GM. Testosterone therapy in women with chronic heart failure: a pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(16):1310–6; DOI:10.1016/J.JACC.2010.03.090.Search in Google Scholar
Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, Marazzi G, Massaro R, Miceli M, Mammi C, Piepoli M, Fini M, Rosano GM. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(10):919–27; DOI:10.1016/j. jacc.2009.04.078.Search in Google Scholar
Fadah K, Gopi G, Lingireddy A, Blumer V, Dewald T, Mentz RJ. Anabolic androgenic steroids and cardiomyopathy: an update. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1214374; DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1214374.Search in Google Scholar
Ebong IA, Appiah D, Mauricio R, Narang N, Honigberg MC, Ilonze OJ, Aggarwal NR, Zanni MV, Mohammed SF, Cho L, Michos ED, American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Disease in Women Committee. Sex hormones and heart failure risk. JACC Adv. 2025;4(4):101650; DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.101650.Search in Google Scholar
Lim J, Hashemian M, Blechter B, Roger VL, Wong JYY. Pre-diagnostic free androgen and estradiol levels influence heart failure risk in both women and men: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26(3):540–50; DOI:10.1002/ejhf.3189.Search in Google Scholar
Ohlsson C, Barrett-Connor E, Bhasin S, Orwoll E, Labrie F, Karlsson MK, Ljunggren O, Vandenput L, Mellström D, Tivesten A. High serum testosterone is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events in elderly men: The MrOS (osteoporotic fractures in men) study in Sweden. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(16):1674-81; DOI:10.1016/j. jacc.2011.07.019.Search in Google Scholar
Rosano GM, Sheiban I, Massaro R, Pagnotta P, Marazzi G, Vitale C, Mercuro G, Volterrani M, Aversa A, Fini M. Low testosterone levels are associated with coronary artery disease in male patients with angina. Int J Impot Res. 2007;19(2):176-82; DOI:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901504.Search in Google Scholar
Haider A, Yassin A, Haider KS, Doros G, Saad F, Rosano GMC. Men with testosterone deficiency and a history of cardiovascular diseases benefit from long-term testosterone therapy: Observational, Real-life data from a registry study. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2016;12:251-61; DOI:10.2147/VHRM.S108947.Search in Google Scholar
Cornoldi A, Caminiti G, Marazzi G, Vitale C, Patrizi R, Volterrani M, Miceli M, Fini M, Spera G, Rosano G. Effects of chronic testosterone administration on myocardial ischemia, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in elderly male diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2010;142(1):51-5; DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.107.Search in Google Scholar
English KM, Mandour O, Steeds RP, Diver MJ, Jones TH, Channer KS. Men with coronary artery disease have lower levels of androgens than men with normal coronary angiograms. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(11):890-4; DOI:10.1053/euhj.1999.1873.Search in Google Scholar
Finkle WD, Greenland S, Ridgeway GK, Adams JL, Frasco MA, Cook MB, Fraumeni JF Jr, Hoover RN. Increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction following testosterone therapy prescription in men. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85805; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0085805.Search in Google Scholar
Holmäng S, Mårin P, Lindstedt G, Hedelin H. Effect of long‐term oral testosterone undecanoate treatment on prostate volume and serum prostate‐specific antigen concentration in eugonadal middle‐aged men. Prostate. 1993;23(2):99-106; DOI:10.1002/pros.2990230203.Search in Google Scholar
Baillargeon J, Urban RJ, Kuo YF, Ottenbacher KJ, Raji MA, Du F, Lin YL, Goodwin JS. Risk of myocardial infarction in older men receiving testosterone therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(9):1138-44; DOI:10.1177/1060028014539918.Search in Google Scholar
Ren J, Chen L, Zhang N, Chen X, Zhao Q, Chen K, Li X, Ruschitzka F, Duru F, Song J. Plasma testosterone and arrhythmic events in male patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(4)1547-59; DOI:10.1002/ehf2.12704.Search in Google Scholar
Bolarin DM, Andy JJ. Clinical feminization and serum testosterone levels in male patients with chronic African endomyocardial fibrosis. Trop Geogr Med. 1982;34(4):309-12.Search in Google Scholar
Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Hodis HN, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, Swerdloff RS, Wu FC, Yialamas MA. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(5):1715-1744; DOI:10.1210/jc.2018-00229.Search in Google Scholar
Vigen R, O’Donnell CI, Barón AE, Grunwald GK, Maddox TM, Bradley SM, Barqawi A, Woning G, Wierman ME, Plomondon ME, Rumsfeld JS, Ho PM. Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA. 2013;310(17):1829–36. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.280386.Search in Google Scholar
Lee JH, Shah PH, Uma D, Salvi DJ, Rabbani R, Hamid P. Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men and myocardial infarction risk: systematic review & meta-analysis. Cureus. 2021;13(8):e17475; DOI:10.7759/cureus.17475.Search in Google Scholar
Corona G, Rastrelli G, Di Pasquale G, Sforza A, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Testosterone and cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of interventional Studies. J Sex Med. 2018;15(6):820–38; DOI:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.04.641.Search in Google Scholar
Hackett GI. Long term cardiovascular safety of testosterone therapy: a review of the TRAVERSE study. World J Mens Health. 2025;43(2):282-90; DOI:10.5534/wjmh.240081.Search in Google Scholar
Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S. Testosterone replacement therapy. Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-66; DOI:10.1111/andr.12774.Search in Google Scholar
