This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, Janssen OE, Legro RS, Norman RJ, Taylor AE, Witchel SF (2006) Androgen Excess Society. Positions statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(11):4237-4245. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0178.Search in Google Scholar
Casarini L, Crépieux P (2019) Molecular Mechanisms of Action of FSH. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 10:305. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00305.Search in Google Scholar
Chen P, Li B, Ou-Yang L (2022) Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:839005. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839005.Search in Google Scholar
Constantin S (2017) Progress and Challenges in the Search for the Mechanisms of Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 24;8:180. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00180.Search in Google Scholar
Coutinho EA, Kauffman AS (2019) The Role of the Brain in the Pathogenesis and Physiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Med Sci (Basel) 7(8):84. doi: 10.3390/medsci7080084.Search in Google Scholar
da Costa CS, Oliveira TF, Freitas-Lima LC, Padilha AS, Krause M, Carneiro MTWD, Salgado BS, Graceli JB (2021) Subacute cadmium exposure disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to polycystic ovarian syndrome and premature ovarian failure features in female rats. Environ Pollut. 269:116154. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116154.Search in Google Scholar
Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A, Pundir CS (2020) The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review. J Hum Reprod Sci 13:261-71. doi: 10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_95_18.Search in Google Scholar
Ding H, Zhang J, Zhang F, Zhang S, Chen X, Liang W, Xie Q (2021) Resistance to the Insulin and Elevated Level of Androgen: A Major Cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:741764. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.741764.Search in Google Scholar
Escobar-Morreale HF (2018) Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(5):270-284. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2018.24.Search in Google Scholar
Fujibe Y, Baba T, Nagao S, Adachi S, Ikeda K, Morishita M, Kuno Y, Suzuki M, Mizuuchi M, Honnma H, Endo T, Saito T (2019) Androgen potentiates the expression of FSH receptor and supports preantral follicle development in mice. J Ovarian Res 12:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-019-0505-5.Search in Google Scholar
Ganie MA, Rashid A, Sood M, Sofi NY, Wani IA, Nisar S, Butt TP, Gupta N, Bhat D, Choh N, Masoodi SR (2020) Coadministration of metformin or spironolactone enhances efficacy of rosiglitazone in management of PCOS. Gynecol Endocrinol 36(4):308-312. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1675044.Search in Google Scholar
Hammes SR, Levin ER (2019) Impact of estrogens in males and androgens in females. J Clin Invest 129(5):1818-1826. doi: 10.1172/JCI125755.Search in Google Scholar
He W, Li X, Adekunbi D, Liu Y, Long H, Wang L, Lyu Q, Kuang Y, O’Byrne KT (2017) Hypothalamic effects of progesterone on regulation of the pulsatile and surge release of luteinising hormone in female rats. Sci Rep 7(1):8096. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08805-1.Search in Google Scholar
Herbison AE (2018) The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator, Endocrinology 159(11):3723–3736. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00653Search in Google Scholar
Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, Sun Z, Jia G, Parrish AR, Sowers JR (2021) Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 119:154766. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154766.Search in Google Scholar
Lee EB, Chakravarthi VP, Wolfe MW, R AK (2021) Rβ Reg o o Gonadotropin Responses during Folliculogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 22(19):10348. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910348.Search in Google Scholar
Manu M, Soni T, VictoriaV, Prabhakar PK (2022) Pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. [Internet]. London: IntechOpen; 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/79950 doi: 10.5772/intechopen.101921Search in Google Scholar
Moenter SM, Chu Z, Christian CA (2009) Neurobiological mechanisms underlying oestradiol negative and positive feedback regulation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 21(4):327-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01826.x.Search in Google Scholar
Moenter SM, Silveira MA, Wang L, Adams C (2020) Central aspects of systemic oestradiol negative- and positive-feedback on the reproductive neuroendocrine system. J Neuroendocrinol 32(1):e12724. doi: 10.1111/jne.12724.Search in Google Scholar
Moghetti P, Tosi F (2021) Insulin resistance and PCOS: chicken or egg? J Endocrinol Invest 44(2):233-244. doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01351-0.Search in Google Scholar
Moll E, Bossuyt PM, Korevaar JC, Lambalk CB, van der Veen F (2006) Effect of clomifene citrate plus metformin and clomifene citrate plus placebo on induction of ovulation in women with newly diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: randomised double blind clinical trial. BMJ 332(7556):1485. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38867.631551.55.Search in Google Scholar
Moolhuijsen LME, Visser JA (2020) Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Ovarian Reserve: Update on Assessing Ovarian Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(11):3361–73. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa513.Search in Google Scholar
Nicolaides NC, Matheou A, Vlachou F, Neocleous V, Skordis N (2020) Polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescents: From diagnostic criteria to therapeutic management. Acta Biomed 91(3):e2020085. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i3.10162.Search in Google Scholar
Onalan G, Goktolga U, Ceyhan T, Bagis T, Onalan R, Pabuçcu R (2005) Predictive value of glucose-insulin ratio in PCOS and profile of women who will benefit from metformin therapy: obese, lean, hyper or normoinsulinemic? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 123(2):204-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.05.010.Search in Google Scholar
Orisaka M, Miyazaki Y, Shirafuji A, Tamamura C, Tsuyoshi H, Tsang B.K, Yoshida Y (2021) The role of pituitary gonadotropins and intraovarian regulators in follicle development: A mini-review. Reprod. Med. Biol 20:169–175. doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12371.Search in Google Scholar
Patel S (2018) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 182:27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008.Search in Google Scholar
Podfigurna A, Meczekalski B, Petraglia F, Luisi S (2020) Clinical, hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS with different combined oral contraceptives (containing chlormadinone acetate versus drospirenone). J Endocrinol Invest 43(4):483-492. doi: 10.1007/s40618-019-01133-3.Search in Google Scholar
Qu X, Donnelly R (2020) Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) as an Early Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 21(21):8191. doi: 10.3390/ijms21218191.Search in Google Scholar
Richards JS, Ren YA, Candelaria N, Adams JE, Rajkovic A (2018) Ovarian Follicular Theca Cell Recruitment, Differentiation, and Impact on Fertility: 2017 Update. Endocr Rev 39(1):1-20. doi: 10.1210/er.2017-00164.Search in Google Scholar
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (2004) Fertil Steril 81(1): 19–25. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004.Search in Google Scholar
Rudnicka E, Kunicki M, Calik-Ksepka A, Suchta K, Duszewska A, Smolarczyk K, Smolarczyk R (2021) Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Pathogenesis, Diagnostic and Treatment of PCOS. Int J Mol Sci 22(22):12507. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212507.Search in Google Scholar
Sanchez-Garrido MA, Tena-Sempere M (2020) Metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: Pathogenic role of androgen excess and potential therapeutic strategies. Mol Metab 35:100937. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.001.Search in Google Scholar
Sinchak K, Mohr MA and Micevych PE (2020) Hypothalamic Astrocyte Development and Physiology for Neuroprogesterone Induction of the Luteinizing Hormone Surge. Front. Endocrinol 11:420. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00420.Search in Google Scholar
Spritzer PM, Marchesan LB, Santos BR, Fighera TM (2022) Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS. Diagnostics (Basel) 12(8):1922. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12081922.Search in Google Scholar
Stamatiades GA, Kaiser UB (2018) Gonadotropin regulation by pulsatile GnRH: Signaling and gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 463:131-141. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.015.Search in Google Scholar
Unluhizarci K, Karaca Z, Kelestimur F (2021) Role of insulin and insulin resistance in androgen excess disorders. World J Diabetes 12(5):616-629. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.616.Search in Google Scholar
Webster WW, Smarr B (2020) Using Circadian Rhythm Patterns of Continuous Core Body Temperature to Improve Fertility and Pregnancy Planning. J Circadian Rhythms 18:5. doi: 10.5334/jcr.200.Search in Google Scholar
Witchel SF, Oberfield SE, Peña AS (2019) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls. J Endocr Soc 3(8):1545-1573. doi: 10.1210/js.2019-00078.Search in Google Scholar
Zhu JL, Chen Z, Feng WJ, Long SL, Mo ZC (2019) Sex hormone-binding globulin and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 499:142-148. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.09.010.Search in Google Scholar